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Title: A SPECIFIC APPROACH TO LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF THE STATE LEVELLING NETWORK
A SPECIFIC APPROACH TO LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF THE STATE LEVELLING NETWORK

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Slaveyko Gospodinov; Elena Peneva; Penio Penev
10.5593/sgem2022/2.1/s09.20
10.5593/sgem2022/2.1
1314-2704
978-619-7603-40-8
English
22
2.1
•    Prof. DSc. Oleksandr Trofymchuk, UKRAINE 
•    Prof. Dr. hab. oec. Baiba Rivza, LATVIA
Geodesy and Mine Surveying
In addition to its main purpose: establishing and maintaining the parameters of the height system for the territory of a given state (country), state levelling networks also serve to establish (register) the contemporary (recent) vertical movements of the Earth's crust. The detection of such movements, besides in a purely research sense, is of great practical importance. The displacement of the benchmarks over time plays an essential role in seismic forecasting in the short and long term.
Sometimes, not very often, it happens that the duration of the measurements in a single cycle of State levelling network measurement is commensurate or nearly commensurate with the period between the different cycles. Such a fact raises serious issues to be addressed, both in the process of preliminary accuracy estimation of the measurements and in the formation of the adjustment model. A period of ten years or more is long enough for displacements on the order of a few mm (millimeters) to become apparent and to be reliably detected.
One possible approach, in such cases, is to apply a modified version of adjustment using the Least Squares Method. It would be appropriate, as additional unknowns, to introduce the velocities of the individual benchmarks of the network into the adjustment model. Thus, taking into account the time of the start of the measurements, preconditions are created for taking into account the dynamic behaviour of the benchmarks during the measurement period.
The applied adjustment model is based on the so-called "dynamic" or "kinematic" adjustment model, which also takes into account some technological features in the overall network measurement process.
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[2] Christov, V., I. Totomanov, B. Vrablianski, T. Burilkov, Map of Recent Vertical Movements, Proceedings of the Seminar of the Seismotectonic Map of the Balkan region, 17-26 April 1973, pp. 79 - 81
[3] Gospodinov, S., Stereva, K. Determining of areas on the territory of R Bulgaria with a low intensity of the recent vertical movements of the Earth`s crust, 20th International Scientific Multidisciplinary Conference on Earth and Planetary Sciences SGEM2020, Albena, Bulgaria
[4] Kunchev, I., On standards and specifications for vertical control surveys, Annual of the University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy – Sofia, Vol. 54, 2021, issue 2, ISSN 1310-814X, ISSN 2534-9759 (on-line), pp. 253 – 262, in Bulgarian
[5] Kunchev, I., Systems approach to the state levelling network of the Republic of Bulgaria, 21th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geo Conference Surveying, Geology and Mining, Ecology and Management (SGEM 2021). Conference proceedings. 2021. Conference: Informatics, Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing, Albena, 14 – 22 August, 2021, ISSN 1314-2704, doi.org/10.5593/sgem2021/2.1/s09.54
[6] Lambeva T., Geopotential Differences and Normal Height Differences Determination by Using optical Clocks, Annual of the University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy – Sofia, Vol. 54, 2021, issue 2, ISSN 1310-814X, ISSN 2534-9759 (on-line), pp. 229 – 238, in Bulgarian
[7] Tsanovski Y., GNSS Measurements for the Needs of Precise Height Determinations in Bulgaria, Annual of the University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy – Sofia, Vol. 54, 2021, issue 2, ISSN 1310-814X, ISSN 2534-9759 (on-line), pp. 211 – 218, in Bulgarian
conference
https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/2.1/s09.20
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Proceedings of 22nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2022
22nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2022, 04 - 10 July, 2022
Proceedings Paper
STEF92 Technology
International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM
SWS Scholarly Society; Acad Sci Czech Republ; Latvian Acad Sci; Polish Acad Sci; Serbian Acad Sci and Arts; Natl Acad Sci Ukraine; Natl Acad Sci Armenia; Sci Council Japan; European Acad Sci, Arts and Letters; Acad Fine Arts Zagreb Croatia; Croatian Acad Sci and Arts; Acad Sci Moldova; Montenegrin Acad Sci and Arts; Georgian Acad Sci; Acad Fine Arts and Design Bratislava; Turkish Acad Sci.
163-170
04 - 10 July, 2022
website
8487
State Levelling Network, Least Squares Adjustment, recent vertical movements of the Earth's crust, benchmark vertical velocities

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