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The Arctic region's extreme climatic conditions, characterized by freezing temperatures, sea ice, and challenging weather patterns, present formidable challenges for offshore structures. These structures, vital for energy exploration, transportation, and scientific research, encounter significant difficulties due to the dynamic and unpredictable nature of ice loads. The article provides an overview of the impact of ice loads on offshore structures in the Arctic, focusing on engineering challenges, technological ad...

The Discrete Element Method (DEM) serves as a crucial computational tool in studying ice-structure interactions pertinent to offshore marine constructions. The article highlights the significance of DEM in simulating and comprehending the complex dynamics of ice loads on offshore structures. Offshore marine constructions face challenges associated with ice loads, especially in regions prone to icy conditions. DEM, adapted to model ice behavior, offers a micro-scale perspective, representing individual ice particle...