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A precise line that can be called a coastline cannot be determined due to the coastline paradox. However in general terms, coastline or seashore is an area where land meets the sea or ocean, or a line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake. In port areas, where port berth is a stable structure, determining the coastline is easy given that the coast structure is defined by vertical bank. Other examples of stable port structures include: slipways, cliffs and solid borders between water and ...

Accuracy requirements in hydrographic surveys inspire drive to seek improvement in measurement devices and systems used to, amongst others, determine coordinates of the position of sounding vessel and ideally sea bed reflection points of acoustic wave. Limitation to requirements included in international rules, especially included within IHO S-44, does not fulfil expectations of principals. It is however possible to execute using modern measurement (geodesy) devices and systems. Measurements and soundings historic...