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This paper analyses a multi-apartment residential building undergoing staged renovation during the heating season using real-time, hourly metered heat consumption data over two consecutive winters in a temperate-cold climate. The renovation is implemented in clearly identifiable phases, which enables an empirical, measure-by-measure assessment of changes in heating demand as works progress. The analysed interventions include insulation of basement heat distribution pipework, attic insulation, external wall insulat...

This paper analyses how designing the same single-family building to different energy performance standards affects its life-cycle costs. The study compares five design scenarios for one building, starting from the current national minimum energy performance requirement, moving through a typical nearly zero-energy building solution and an enhanced NZEB variant, and progressing towards a highly energy-efficient Passive House and a Passive House PLUS solution with on-site photovoltaic generation. Each scenario is ev...

An ambitious reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is set by the political initiative -The European Green Deal- and -Fit for 55- package. The municipalities, which carry out the strategic management of the district heating systems, will have to ensure the sustainable development of the territory in a way that includes a significant increase in energy efficiency both in the building stock and in the related district heating system. The aim of this research is to study and develop an easy-to-use methodology and an a...

Typically, during design stage of a single-family house, only initial costs are taken into account, which are also discussed with the customer and optimized with the aim of reducing them. Long-term calculations are usually not made. At the same time, the calculation of global costs to design, build and operate the building show the real difference in expenses while living in this house. In the case of nZEB building the global cost approach becomes especially useful because of the strict energy demand requirements ...

This research work describes cost-optimal calculations for existing buildings of different categories and main building elements, as well as comparison with the existing energy requirements. Calculations are based on Directive 2010/31/EU and on the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 with the associated Guidelines. Those documents are used both ? for the calculation of cost-optimal energy performance for a whole building (MWh or kWh/m2 per year) and for the assessment of optimal U-value for different ...