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One of the factors looked upon as an intrinsic constituent contributing to the technosphere as a true phenomenon in the development of the humanity is industrialization. Being powered by fossil fuels, it greatly accelerated urbanization and enabled enormous development in agriculture. The latter could not but be the reason for mass migrations of people to cities which in turn created another positive effect ?urbanization? and ?urban metabolism? coined by Abel Wolman in 1965. The model considered the flow of materi...

The totality of all that is human-made: technical devices and systems, cities, houses, roads and all that humans have constructed to keep them alive on the planet are called the technosphere. The technosphere though is a relatively new phenomenon is evolving extraordinarily rapidly and its mass has been estimated to approximate to 30 trillion tons. Currently the weight of all that man creates in a year is an order of magnitude greater than the mass of wild living organisms (biomass). Thus, our civilization faces v...