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Europe is undergoing a transition toward renewable heating and cooling, and borehole heat exchanger systems play a critical role in this energy shift. However, their efficiency depends heavily on site-specific and local climatic conditions. This study evaluates BHE design and performance across 11 European capital cities that represent diverse climatic conditions, from hot/dry (Nicosia, 21.56 C, undisturbed ground temperature) to cold/humid (Helsinki, 6.76 C). A representative university building was virtually rel...