Browse

A precise line that can be called a coastline cannot be determined due to the coastline paradox. However in general terms, coastline or seashore is an area where land meets the sea or ocean, or a line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake. In port areas, where port berth is a stable structure, determining the coastline is easy given that the coast structure is defined by vertical bank. Other examples of stable port structures include: slipways, cliffs and solid borders between water and ...

In March 2017, the President of the Republic of Poland signed the European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International Importance, also known as the AGN convention. The convention and the Directive 2005/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on harmonised River Information Services (RIS) on inland waterways in the Community, together with a number of European Commission regulations, establish a coherent legal system to facilitate the coordination of development plans and in...

Accuracy requirements in hydrographic surveys inspire drive to seek improvement in measurement devices and systems used to, amongst others, determine coordinates of the position of sounding vessel and ideally sea bed reflection points of acoustic wave. Limitation to requirements included in international rules, especially included within IHO S-44, does not fulfil expectations of principals. It is however possible to execute using modern measurement (geodesy) devices and systems. Measurements and soundings historic...