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The calculation of geodetic coordinates ??,??,?? of points on the Earth's surface or in near-Earth space using the spatial geocentric coordinates ??,??,?? obtained by GNSS determinations, has wide application in geodetic practice. The direct problem consisting in determination of ??,??,?? with given ??,??,?? is solved with the established Helmert formulas. The inverse problem (determination of ??,??,?? from ??,??,??) is more complicated, the difficulty is related to the determination of ?? and ??. For the determin...

Bulgaria was integrated with the European Vertical Reference System (EVRS) in 2003 through the connection of the State Levelling Network (SLN) of Bulgaria to the United European Levelling Network (UELN) and Bulgaria's participation in the European Unified Vertical Network Densification Action project. The SLN of the Republic of Bulgaria is connected to the UELN and consequently to the EVRS through the last completed IIIrd realization of the SLN Class I, which was completed in 1984. In 2010, the Ordinance No. 2/30....