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In the midst of an energy crisis, coal remains essential to the energy mix of many countries. Over time, coal reserves inevitably deplete, and as a result, coal mining progresses, and mines are closed and abandoned. Abandoned mines continue to emit methane for many years after closure, yet their emissions remain uncontrolled and unmonitored in many coal-producing regions. Closed mines may offer a small but significant opportunity to exploit a clean energy resource, known as Abandoned Mine Methane (AMM), which can ...

One of the most complex structural transformation processes currently unfolding in Europe is the phase-out of coal mining and coal-fired power generation. This transition is embedded within the broader framework of international and European climate commitments and the ongoing energy transition, particularly under the environmental policies promoted by the European Union and the European Green Deal. The process entails profound economic, social, technical, and geopolitical implications, especially for single-indus...