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Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) introduced revolutionary changes in the positioning and navigation, but it is well known that the precision, reliability, availability and integrity of the results obtained by this technology, largely depend on the number and geometric distribution of the satellites being tracked. This is especially problem in areas with limited sky visibility, such as urban canyons, dam monitoring in valleys, deep open-pit mines, larges construction sites. Furthermore, indoors or undergr...

Since the geodetic control points are the base for all surveying tasks, the quality of these tasks will directly depend of the quality of geodetic control. The main two elements of geodetic network quality (accuracy) are its precision and reliability. There are different precision and reliability measures for the geodetic control. The positioning precision, as one of the most important component of geodetic network quality, has been expressed in various ways depending on the positioning method. The standards have ...