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Combustible dusts are presented in industry as a finished products or process intermediates created voluntarily by milling or involuntarily by abraison of larger sized solid. Spontaneous combustion is a phenomenon that occurs by self-heating, increase in temperature due to exothermic internal reactions, followed by thermal runaway (self heating which rapidly accelerates to high temperatures) and finally, autoignition. The oxidation of combustible powders occurs when they react with air oxygen, producing carbon dio...

Medicinal plants offer diverse health benefits through biological active compounds, anti microbial effects that help treat diseases. Polluants contaminate medicinal plants through polluted soil, water, and air, or poor processing, with different concentrations.Different contributors include industrial emissions, pesticides, irrigation with polluted water, and environmental pollution e.g. Toxic/heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), and chromium (Cr), mangan...