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Even if the European Commission estimates that the end-of-life recycling input rate for coking coal is zero, some initiatives proved that coal could play a role in circular economy. Coal-fired power plants still play a significant role in electricity generation although a lot of renewables were developed. Coal combustion produces a relatively small amount of fly ash that is used in cement factories and a large amount of bottom ash that cannot be used in industry because its high carbon content. From this point of ...