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Existing industrial ammonia production installations operating in potentially explosive atmospheres usually contain a wide range of explosion protection concepts implemented during different stages of plant modernization and expansion. In such brownfield installations, the coexistence of equipment originating from different technological periods often leads to a non-uniform distribution of protection concepts at installation level. This aspect is particularly relevant for industrial sectors associated with oil and...

Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier for future low-carbon systems, but its high flammability, wide explosion range, and low ignition energy present significant safety challenges. This paper proposes an integrated ATEX-based risk assessment methodology specifically designed for hydrogen storage and utilization systems. The methodology combines regulatory requirements, including EN 1127-1:2019, with a hydrogen-specific risk matrix, ATEX zone classification, and operational risk mitigation measures. A high-pressur...