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Although hydropower is one of the oldest energy sources used by man, it is still the leading green, nonpolluting and renewable source for electricity generation worldwide. Hydroelectric power generation is also the most efficient method of large scale electric power generation. Estimates show that there is a huge worldwide capacity of unutilized hydropower potential. Therefore, there are many opportunities for new hydroelectric power plants throughout the world, which makes the study and design of new and improved...

The growth in economy is reflected also in the rising demand for freight transportation. The freight railroad industry play an important role being a mainstay of transportation for basic industries. New projects are currently developed for increasing the capacity of transportation by rail from large coal and mineral basins to the places of consumption or within the processing plants. The combined heavy load and usage cycles imposes severe stresses on the components of the freight cars. To this purpose a comparativ...