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According to FAO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, global annual charcoal production amounts to 52 million metric tons. Around half of the population in South America depends on forest-sourced resources (firewood, charcoal) to cover their basic energy needs, and in some countries large-scale industrial charcoal usage is further common, e.g. in Brazil in the production of pig iron for steel. To limit adverse impacts on forest health, sustainability of charcoal production merits high atte...

Cogeneration, or combined heat and power production (CHP), delivers both electricity and heat simultaneously, which achieves high overall energy efficiency. Although CHP technologies are state of the art, and advantages of their adoption are well known, 70% (European Union) to 80% (worldwide) of the existing potential remains untapped. Initiatives fostering more widespread uptake of cogeneration so far often focus on large scale electricity supply schemes combined with the operation of district heating, while the ...