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The reliability of adjustment results in geodetic networks is of critical importance for the investigation of geodynamic processes such as deformation and tectonic movements, where vertical displacements represent a key monitoring component. Precise levelling remains the fundamental technique for such observations. Recent studies indicate that the adjustment of all possible combinations of measurements can yield more accurate and reliable results compared to the classical least squares adjustment of levelling netw...

The statistical characteristics of section discrepancies and standardized section discrepancies derived from the Third Levelling of Bulgaria are examined in detail. The computed excess kurtosis values are minus 0.44 and minus 0.56, respectively, with standard deviations of 0.07. These results clearly indicate a notable departure from the normal distribution, for which the excess kurtosis is equal to zero. This finding suggests that the conventional methodology for defining permissible limits between measurements, ...