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IMPACT OF COLLOIDAL PROPERTIES OF PHOSPHORUS-BASED NANOFERTILIZERS IN FOLIAR APPLICATION ON PRODUCTION PARAMETERS, PHYSIOLOGY, AND MINERAL NUTRIENT CONTENT OF SUNFLOWER
Abstract
In contemporary agricultural practice, ensuring sufficient bioavailable macronutrients, particularly phosphorus, for plants in phosphorus-deficient soils remains a significant challenge. As a promising alternative, the application of phosphate-calcium-based nanofertilizers (NFs), with or without zinc, emerges as a suitable solution, offering targeted effects through foliar dispersion. However, current knowledge gaps persist regarding the development and colloidal properties of applied NFs and their impact on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), a globally significant oilseed crop known for its broad leaves and an intensive photosynthetic apparatus. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties and colloidal characteristics of two phosphate fertilizers: nano-hydroxylapatite (n-HA) and a mixture of nano-calcium zinc phosphate and macro-sized parascholzite (nano/macro-CaZnP), compared to a NF-free control. The work focused on their effects on selected yield parameters and physiological responses, specifically examining changes of major mineral nutrients in sunflower leaves during the 2022 growing season in Nitra, Slovakia, Central Europe. Result indicates that the treatment with nano/macro-CaZnP, produced via chemical route along with n-HA performed though biotechnological protocol, resulted in higher yield parameters in sunflowers compared to the NF-free control. Notably, the treatment with nano/macro-CaZnP exhibited higher yields, likely attributable to its favorable colloidal properties, including smaller hydrodynamic size, higher (positive) zeta potential (?-potential), or quantitatively higher content of ionically-soluble species during foliar deposition. This was statistically reflected via photochemical reflectance index (PRI), an important physiological indicator, for the particular treatment. Still, the unequal relative distribution of major macronutrients (N, P, K) of sunflower in leaves among the treatments poses a challenge to be overcome.
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