Scholarly record
SIGMA-DELTA PHASE LOCKING LOOP FOR GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH
Abstract
Continuous measurements of deformations of the Earth's crust make it possible to record changes in their character in several characteristic parameters. Such parameters include the amplitude, phase, and frequency of periodic oscillations, for each characteristic frequency separately, as well as random typical or atypical artifacts. All this information with proper processing can be used for various purposes, one of the most important tasks in this case is to reliably identify earthquake precursors. These studies require a preliminary long and detailed record of all measurements, followed by mathematical and statistical processing. In this case, strain measurements are carried out using laser meters that convert the ultra-small increment of the distance between the control points into digital samples. These increments of the distance in the measuring system are initially converted to phase increments of the high-frequency laser radiation, then to the same phase increments of the electrical signal at an intermediate high frequency, then the phase increments are measured using a special device called a phase meter, which generates digital samples of the phase increments proportional to the increments of distances. Phase meters have rather high requirements for the accuracy and speed of measurements; in addition, they must be protected from the influence of deep amplitude modulation on the accuracy of measurements. In any case, these modulations should not be fatal for continuous phase measurement, that is, there should be no loss of measurements during a sharp decrease in the signal amplitude. This paper proposes a new method for continuous high-precision measurement of phase increments using a phase-locked loop (PLL), organized by a fundamentally new principle of operation, namely: similar to the operation of a sigma-delta analog to digital converter (ADC). This type of ADCs uses auto-tuning of the output signal to the input in a circuit containing only an integrator and a comparator, as a result of which high-frequency transients in the form of fast self-oscillations near the equilibrium state constantly occur in this loop. The advantage of this method allows measuring of the low-frequency component of the input signal with extremely high accuracy.
Publication Impact Profile
- Captures
- Mendeley - Readers: 1
Publication details
References30
Shi Jian-qing and Jiang Ting-chen, "Study the feasibility of airborne LiDAR on areal earth's crust deformation surveying," 2010 Second IITA International Conference on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Qingdao, 2010, pp. 193-197. DOI: 10.1109/IITA-GRS.2010.5603243.
Y. Altiner, "The contribution of GPS data to the detection of the Earth's crust deformations illustrated by GPS campaigns in the Adria region," in Geophysical Journal International, vol. 145, no. 2, pp. 550-559, May 2001. DOI: 10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01411.x.
A. Donnellan et al., "Geodetic Imaging of Fault Systems from Airborne Platforms: UAVSAR and Structure from Motion," IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Valencia, 2018, pp. 7878-7881. DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8519550.
H. Yang, S. Park and W. Lee, "Crustal deformation on the Korea peninsula based on GNSS data during 2004–2015," 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Beijing, 2016, pp. 5785-5788. DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2016.7730511.
Xiaoqi Lan, Sen Li and Kun Xie, "The data processing model of monitoring crustal deformation using GPS," 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering, Nanjing, 2011, pp. 853-856. DOI: 10.1109/RSETE.2011.5964412.
L. Tang, Y. Li, Y. Chen, Y. Chen and L. Tong, "Mountain Topograhic Deformation Extracation Based on Ps-Insar," IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Valencia, 2018, pp. 533-536. DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8518484.
M. Chlieh et al., "Crustal deformation and fault slip during the seismic cycle in the North Chile subduction zone, from GPS and InSAR observations," in Geophysical Journal International, vol. 158, no. 2, pp. 695-711, Aug. 2004. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02326.x.
H. A. Zebker, "Studying the Earth with interferometric radar," in Computing in Science & Engineering, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 52-60, May-June 2000. DOI: 10.1109/5992.841796.
E. Huot, H. Yahia, I. Herlin and I. Cohen, "A general surface matching model: application to ground evolution tracking," Proceedings 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. ICPR-2000, Barcelona, Spain, 2000, pp. 163-166 vol.3. DOI: 10.1109/ICPR.2000.903510.
V.A. Zhmud, V.M. Semibalamut, L.V. Dimitrov, Yu.N. Fomin. Optoelectronic intellectual systems for monitoring of Earth seismic dynamics: results and developing directions. 16th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference CGEM 2016. Conference proceedings. Book 1. Dcience and Technologies in Geology, Ecploration and Mining. Volume III. P. 567–574. ISSN 1314-2704. DOI: 10.5593/sgem2016B13.
V.A. Zhmud, V.M. Semibalamut, L.V. Dimitrov, A.V. Taichenachev. Modification of optoelectronic intellectual systems for absolute measurements in monitoring of Earth seismic dynamics. 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference “Informatics, Geoinformatics and remote sensing” SGEM 2017. Conference proceedings. Issue 21. 29 June – 5 July. Informatics, Geoinformatics. Albena, Bulgaria. P. 999 – 1004. ISBN 978-619-7408-01-0 ISSN 1314-2704. DOI: 10.5593/sgem2017/21.
V.A. Zhmud, V.M. Semibalamut, L.V. Dimitrov, Y.N. Fomin. The increase of the accuracy of laser-based measurements of ultra-low tidal deformations of rocks. 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference “Informatics, Geoinformatics and remote sensing” SGEM 2017. Conference proceedings. Issue 21. 29 June – 5 July. Informatics, Geoinformatics. Albena, Bulgaria. P. 1069 – 1076. ISBN 978-619-7408-01-0 ISSN 1314-2704. DOI: 10.5593/sgem2017/21.
V.A. Zhmud, V.M. Semibalamut, L.V. Dimitrov, D.O. Tereshkin. Software structure for the laser sensor of the Earth crust Lunar-Solar tide deformations. 16th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference CGEM 2016. Conference proceedings. Book 1. Dcience and Technologies in Geology, Ecploration and Mining. Volume III. P. 615–622. ISSN 1314-2704. DOI: 10.5593/sgem2016B13.
V.A. Zhmud, V.M. Semibalamut, L.V. Dimitrov, A.V. Taichenachev. Heterodyne Signal Filtering for Laser Measuring Systems. 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference “Informatics, Geoinformatics and remote sensing” SGEM 2018. Conference proceedings. Vol.18. Issue 2.2. Informatics, Geoinformatics. Albena, Bulgaria. P. 227–234. ISBN 978-619-7408-40-9. ISSN 1314-2704. DOI: 10.5593/sgem2018/2.2.
V.A. Zhmud, V.M. Semibalamut, L.V. Dimitrov, A.V. Taichenachev. The Phase Locking System for the Frequency Locking of Lasers for Geoinformatics. 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference “Informatics, Geoinformatics and remote sensing” SGEM 2018. Conference proceedings. Vol.18. Issue 2.2. Informatics, Geoinformatics. Albena, Bulgaria. P. 491–498. ISBN 978-619-7408-40-9. ISSN 1314-2704. DOI: 10.5593/sgem2018/2.2.
S. M. Jung and J. M. Roveda, "Design of low jitter phase-locked loop with closed loop voltage controlled oscillator," 2015 IEEE 16th Annual Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference (WAMICON), Cocoa Beach, FL, 2015, pp. 1-4. DOI: 10.1109/WAMICON.2015.7120383.
V. Muddi, K. D. Shinde and Shivaprasad B K, "Design and implementation of 1 GHz Current Starved Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) for PLL using 90nm CMOS technology," 2015 International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies (ICCICCT), Kumaracoil, 2015, pp. 335-339. DOI: 10.1109/ICCICCT.2015.7475300.
K. Kato, T. Sase, H. Sato, I. Ikushima and S. Kojima, "A low-power 128-MHz VCO for monolithic PLL ICs," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 474-479, April 1988. DOI: 10.1109/4.1009.
M. Thamsirianunt and T. A. Kwasniewski, "CMOS VCO's for PLL frequency synthesis in GHz digital mobile radio communications," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 1511-1524, Oct. 1997. DOI: 10.1109/4.634659.
S. N. Pawar and P. B. Mane, "Wide band PLL frequency synthesizer: A survey," 2017 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication and Control (ICAC3), Mumbai, 2017, pp. 1-6. DOI: 10.1109/ICAC3.2017.8318773.
P. Ghosh, S. Dhariwal, R. Trivedi and V. K. Lamba, "Efficient PLL Design for Frequency Synthesizers Used in ZigBee Standard Applications," 2018 International Conference on Intelligent Circuits and Systems (ICICS), Phagwara, 2018, pp. 31-36. DOI: 10.1109/ICICS.2018.00019.
B. Zhang, P. E. Allen and J. M. Huard, "A fast switching PLL frequency synthesizer with an on-chip passive discrete-time loop filter in 0.25-mm CMOS," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 855-865, June 2003. DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2003.811874.
R. N. S. Raphael, M. P. Agord, L. T. Manera, C. M. Chagas and S. Finco, "Programmable PLL-based frequency synthesizer: Modeling and design considerations," 2017 Argentine Conference of Micro-Nanoelectronics, Technology and Applications (CAMTA), Buenos Aires, 2017, pp. 10-14. DOI: 10.1109/CAMTA.2017.8058133.
Li Zhigang and Ren Pengfei, "Design of an L-band PLL frequency synthesizer," Proceedings 2013 International Conference on Mechatronic Sciences, Electric Engineering and Computer (MEC), Shengyang, 2013, pp. 3244-3247. DOI: 10.1109/MEC.2013.6885577.
Hun Hee Lee, Won Hwi Park and Heung-Gyoon Ryu, "High speed digital hybrid PLL frequency synthesizer," 2005 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings, Suzhou, 2005, pp. 4 pp.-. DOI: 10.1109/APMC.2005.1607062.
J. C. Morizio et al., "14-bit 2.2-MS/s sigma-delta ADC's," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 968-976, July 2000. Zhongming Shi, "Sigma-delta ADC and DAC for digital wireless communication," 1999 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium (Cat No.99CH37001), Anaheim, CA, USA, 1999, pp. 57-62. DOI: 10.1109/RFIC.1999.805239. doi: 10.1109/4.848205.
P. Trivedi, A. Verma and P. Tripathi, "Characterization and optimization of sigma-delta ADC," 2012 Third Asian Himalayas International Conference on Internet, Kathmandu, 2012, pp. 1-5. DOI: 10.1109/AHICI.2012.6408444.
B. Razavi, "The Delta-Sigma Modulator [A Circuit for All Seasons]," in IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 10-15, Spring 2016. DOI: 10.1109/MSSC.2016.2543061.
S. H. Ahmed, M. El-Nozahi, M. Abouelatta and H. F. Ragai, "Blocker Tolerant Sigma Delta ADC," 2019 36th National Radio Science Conference (NRSC), Port Said, Egypt, 2019, pp. 333-340. DOI: 10.1109/NRSC.2019.8734561.
J. Cao, Y. Liu, B. Jiang and X. Liu, "The Design and Implementation of Sigma Delta ADC Digital Decimation Filter," 2013 International Conference on Information Science and Cloud Computing Companion, Guangzhou, 2013, pp. 335-338. DOI: 10.1109/ISCC-C.2013.139.
View or Download full articleAccess options
SWS access login
Login as SWS Scientific CommitteeLogin as SWS Scientific PartnerLogin as SWS AuthorAuthors and approved SWS contributors will read and export their own linked papers after identity matching by SWS profile, email and SGEM GlobalID.
For librarian assistance: [email protected]
Purchase Instant Access
- Article can be downloaded after successful payment.
- Article may be used according to SWS library access terms.
- Article cannot be redistributed.