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HISTORICAL FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL, METHODOLOGICAL, ORGANIZATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES IN THE REMOTE STUDY OF THE EARTH SURFACE
Abstract
One of the intensively developing complex scientific areas that finally took shape in the second half of the twentieth century is the study of the Earth and planets from aircraft and space vehicles. In the development of remote sensing, one of the most characteristic features of the genesis of science as a system of natural and technical knowledge of recent decades was manifested - the synthesis of various sciences. A retrospective analysis shows that remote sensing is at the intersection of sciences and various branches of technology. Technical research and branches of science studying global and local planetary processes are combined in it. The First World War gave a strong impetus to the development of aerial photography for military intelligence. During World War II, the military stimulated the development of technology that uses other areas of the electromagnetic spectrum: radar systems and infrared thermal devices. Thus, the general progress in planetary exploration, which for more than three and a half centuries followed the path of improving optical observation instruments, was revolutionized twice: first (in the middle of the 20th century) thanks to the introduction of radio methods, and then (in the second half of the 20th century. ) as a result of the jump caused by the creation of a new observation platform - a spacecraft. Consideration of the remote sensing system as a complex technical system implies consideration of not only the hardware, but also the theoretical justification, the research method, which largely determines the structure of the entire device. Equally, this approach gives grounds for including in the analysis a spacecraft, which acts not only as a carrier, but also as a factor determining the possibility of implementing a whole range of sensing methods. Successful development is associated, first of all, with its advantages: obtaining quantitative information about those objects where contact measurements are impracticable or difficult; measurement coverage of large areas without a network of local devices; obtaining data averaged over line, area or volume. This property is especially demonstratively manifested in the Earth's remote sensing. In this case, along with the design of the research equipment itself, effective information systems (on the basis of the obtained results) are branching out and a wide range of fundamental problems of the earth sciences develops.
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References5
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