Scholarly record
GEOCHEMISTRY FOR THE PLIOCENE CARBONACEOUS ROCKS FROM SOUTHEASTERN DENIZLI: PROVENANCE SIGNATURE AND TECTONIC SETTING
Abstract
Carbonaceous rocks (bituminous shale, coal, clayey coal, coaly claystone etc.) is an aggregate of heterogeneous materials composed of organic and inorganic substances. The study area is located on the northern boundary of the Cameli-Ac?payam basin (in Southwestern Turkey), filled by thick Neogene sediments comprising local coal/carbonaceous rocks. This study presents geochemical properties of carbonaceous rocks collected from the Yesilyuva town. In this concept, their major and trace element distribution and mineralogical compositions, trace element multi-element patterns were examined to characterize paleo-environment conditions and provenance properties. The total organic carbon (TOC, wt%) content of the Yesilyuva samples varies from 8.8 wt.% to 43.8 wt.%, pointing excellent source rock. Quartz, clay+mica minerals (mostly illite and lesser amount of smectite, chlorite and kaolinite), feldspar, opaque minerals (pyrite and ilmenite) have been determined as mineral matters in XRD analysis. In NASC normalized diagram, there are clear enrichments in Na, Mg, Al, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni and Y elements, whereas depletions in Rb, Sr, Zr, Ba and La elements. The elemental patterns of samples exhibit clear depletions in Sr, Rb, Ba, Pb, Zr, Sc, Hf, Th, U, Cu and Zn elements, while enrichment in Co, Ni, Cr, and Nd elements in PAAS normalized diagram. Although carbonaceous rocks are close to NASC and PAAS values, there are lesser or/negligible amount of depletions in LREE ((La/Sm)NASC=0.48-1.27; ((La/Sm)PAAS=0.39-1.03), HREE ((Sm/Lu)NASC=0.51-1.30; ((Sm/Lu)PAAS=0.46-1.18). Furthermore, all samples have slightly positive Eu anomalies ((Eu/Eu*)NASC=0.61-0.91; (Eu/Eu*)PAAS=0.88-1.38), reflecting alteration of plagioclase in the source rocks. Certain trace element ratios such as Cr/V (3.27-21.49), Y/Ni (0.001-0.0.014), La/Sc (0.17-2.15), Th/Sc (0.08-0.42), Th/Co (0.005-0.037), Th/Cr (0.001-0.004), and Eu/Eu* (0.17-0.29) indicate mafic-ultramafic source, derived from oceanic crust. The carbonaceous rocks have low ICV (3.3-5.4), K2O/Al2O3 (0.034-0.089) and K/Cs (68.41-1660.32) values, low-to-moderate CIA and PIA (24.61-71.49; 23.37-72.75, respectively) values, suggest relatively moderate weathering of the source rock. The SiO2/Al2O3-K2O/Na2O, La-Th-Sc, Th-Sc-Zr/10, K2O-Rb, Th/Sc-Zr/Sc and 15*Al2O3-Zr-300*TiO2 diagrams suggest deposition in active continental margin setting, under humid climatic conditions. Furthermore, all data imply poor sorting and rapid deposition of the sediments without important recycling processes.
Publication Impact Profile
Publication details
References15
Finkelman, R. B., Trace and minor elements in coal. Organic Geochemistry. Eds: Engel, M. H. and Macko, S. A., New York: Plenum Press, pp 593-604, 1993.
Koralay, D.B., Koralay, T., Denizli Güneydoğusundaki (Honaz/GB Türkiye) Organik Maddece Zengin Kayaçların Jeokimyası ve Organik Petrografik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Tübitak Proje No: 114Y668, 2018.
Le Bas, M. J., Le Maitre, R.W., Streckeisen, A., Zanettin B., A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali-silica diagram. Journal of Petrology, vol. 27, pp 745-750, 1986.
Vassilev, S.V., Vassileva, C.G., Baxter, D., Andersen, L.K., Relationships between chemical and mineral composition of coal and their potential applications as genetic indicators. Part 1. Chemical Characteristics. Geologica Balcanica, vol. 39(3), pp 21-41, 2010.
Wronkiewicz, D.J., Condie K.C., Geochemistry and mineralogy of sediments from the Ventersdorp and Transvaal Supergroups, South Africa: Cratonic evolution during the early Proterozoic. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 54(2), pp 343-354, 1990.
Gromet, L.P., Dymek, R.F., Haskin, L.A., Korotev R.L., The North American shale composite: Its compilation, major and trace element characteristics. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 48, pp 2469-2482, 1984.
McLennan, S.M., Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: influence of provenance and sedimentary processes. Min. Soc. Am. Rev. Mineralogy, vol. 21, pp 169-200, 1989.
Earth Reference Data and Model, https://earthref.org/ERDA/91/
Rudnick, R.L., Gao, S., Composition of the continental crust. In Treatise on Geochemistry. Eds.: Holland, H. D. and Turekian K. K., Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp 1-45, 2004.
Roser, B.P., Cooper, R.A., Nathan, S., Tulloch A.J., Reconnaissance sandstone geochemistry, provenance, and tectonic setting of the lower Paleozoic terranes of the West Coast and Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, vol. 39, pp 1-16, 1996.
Hou, Q., Mou, C., Wang, Q., Tan, Z., Provenance and tectonic setting of the Early and Middle Devonian Xueshan Formation, the North Qilian Belt, China. Geological Journal, pp 1-19, 2016.
Bhatia, M.R., Plate tectonics and geochemical composition of sandstones. Journal of Geology, vol. 91, pp 611-627, 1983.
Caracciolo, L., Le Pera, E., Muto, F., Perri, F., Sandstone petrology and mudstone geochemistry of the Peruc-Korycany Formation (Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, Czech Republic). International Geology Review, vol. 53(9), pp 1003-1031, 2011.
Suttner L.J., Dutta, P.K., Alluvial sandstone composition and paleoclimate, I. Framework mineralogy. J Sediment Petrol, vol. 56, pp 329-345, 1986.
Perri, F., Critelli, S., Cavalcante, F., Mongelli, G., Dominici, R., Sonnino, M., De Rosa, R., Provenance signatures for the Miocene volcaniclastic succession of the Tufiti di Tusa Formation, southern Apennines, Italy. Geological Magazine, vol. 149(3), pp 423-442, 2012.
Citing literature
Number of times cited according to Crossref: 1
View or Download full articleAccess options
SWS access login
Login as SWS Scientific CommitteeLogin as SWS Scientific PartnerLogin as SWS AuthorAuthors and approved SWS contributors will read and export their own linked papers after identity matching by SWS profile, email and SGEM GlobalID.
For librarian assistance: [email protected]
Purchase Instant Access
- Article can be downloaded after successful payment.
- Article may be used according to SWS library access terms.
- Article cannot be redistributed.
