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THE EVOLUTION OF MAPPING: FROM GEODATA TO GEOINFORMATION AND GEOKNOWLEDGE
Abstract
Terrain mapping has always been a process that ensured the economic development of countries and regions of the world. This was achieved due to the well-coordinated work of geodesists who receive geodata and cartographers presenting these data in the form of a cartographic image. For many centuries, the main task of cartographers was to accurately show the location of objects and their main characteristics using map symbols and cartographic methods. In the XX century, ideas about the essence and content of terrain models and the processes of their creation began to change, geoinformation mapping began to develop - a method of mapping that proposed visualizing terrain objects based on the created geodata base. A large number of new terms were created (electronic map, digital map, geoinformation models, etc.), the definitions of which are given in the normative documentation of Russian Federation. Therefore, it is important to show the main features and use of these models. Since human civilization has achieved a fundamentally new era of the existence of the economy and society - the era of knowledge, the need for a new paradigm of geospatial activity emerged. In the set-theoretic representation, the work shows the composition and content of digital and geoinformation terrain models that are currently used. Today, systems operating based on artificial intelligence, distributed computing, and cloud technologies are actively developing. This allows geoinformation mapping to move to a new level of development - the level of geocognitive mapping. Due to this, it became possible to formalize the knowledge of experts in different fields and create a unified system showing the relationship of objects, processes and phenomena using mapping methods. Geospatial knowledge is actively used to build geocognitive terrain models. Thus, the role of geoknowledges for the geospatial sphere and the sphere of the economy as a whole increase. In this regard, it is important to consider the development of mapping processes and the essence of the created terrain models as a phased implementation of the entire triad "geodata-geoinformation-geoknowledge".
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References12
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