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COLLISIONAL AND OROGENIC GRANITOIDS OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract
The paper provides comparative characteristics geodynamic situations and of related intrusive series. Discussed are cases of alternation of such granitoids in time, their connection in space and relation to collisional processes. I-granites form extended gabbro-diorite-granodiorite-sodium and potassium-sodium granite series with gradual increase of the role of silica and potassium in the final products. Differences in the petrochemical composition of pre- and late collision of I-granites are conditioned by the subcrustal situations of their origin. S-granites are characterized by a more silica-rich composition, shorter differentiation range, higher potassium content, lower iron and calcium contents, and lithophilic geochemical specialization. Their variations are conditioned by the composition of the crustal protolith. Studying both of them is important for prognostic and exploratory purposes. Cases of vertical intrusive sequence of the Dzungar Alatau, Northern Tien-Shan and West Balkhash region showed the role of collisional intra-crustal chambers, not connected with the mantle, during the main stages of their development. Formation of I-granites alternating with the collisional ones is associated with periodic inflow of increasingly more alkaline mantle melts to the crustal level together with the background of deepening of magma generation centers. Respectively, the chalcophilic metallogeny of orogenic complexes alternates with the lithophilic collisional one. Currently, the granitoids of our planet are divided by origin into oceanic (O), island-arc (M), orogenic (I), collision (S) and intraplate (A). The first two types are found in a small volume in the composition of ophiolite and gabbro-diabase associations. Orogenic granitoids are more widespread. Orogenic granitoids form chains of batholiths - marginal continental volcanoplutonic and plutonic belts. The differences in the petrochemical composition of I-granites are primarily due to the depth of nucleation of their melts. S-granites include a series of formations: tonalite-granodiorite, granodiorite-granite, granite, leucogranite, diorite-granodiorite, granosyenite. These formations were studied in detail by the team of geologists VSEGEI. For S granites, the limits of fluctuations of the Fe3 ratio were determined: Fetot = 0.15-0.25 and Al2O3 / CaO + Na2O + K2O = 1.0-1.25., The content of small and radiogenic elements. Recently, in three regions (Northern Tien Shan, Dzhungarskiy Alatau and Western Balkhash), we have identified the conditions for the formation of collision and orogenic intrusive complexes of Kazakhstan. With these works, the Kurdish-Chatyrkul, Zaili, Kungei, Altynemel, Topar, and Muzbel complexes are assigned to the I-granites of the gabbro-diorite-granodioite suprasubduction type. Saryzhas and Baskan complexes represent granodiorite-granite collision formation. The Useksky and Kaspansky, Ketmensky and South Dzungarian belong to the Late Collisional diorite-granodiorite formation, the Zheltau, Kalbin and Lepsinsky are representatives of the granite formation of the main stage of the collision. Leukogranitic subcollisional formation belongs to the Chimbulak, Achiktash, Maykul, Sarybulak and Talgar complexes. Their mineral and petrochemical variations are due to the composition of the crustal protolith. Using the studied vertical intrusive rows as an example, we show the role of collision intracrustal foci that are not associated with the mantle during the main stages of their development. The formation of I-granites, often alternating with collision S-granites, is associated with the periodic entry of basaltic melts or their differentiates to the crustal level. The study of collisional and orogenic granitoid complexes is important in a prognostic-search relationship. Super-subduction series are associated with pyrite-polymetallic ore objects; copper-porphyry and gold-polymetallic objects are known with collisional manifestations of tonalite-granodiorite and diorite-granodiorite formations. The granite formation is known as rare-metal bearing, while its batholiths occurring in terrigenous deposits have tin-tungsten specialization, while the synchronous massifs in graywackes are molybdenum-bearing. Leucogranite intrusions of the Talgar complex type are accompanied by rare-earth manifestations.
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