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BLACK SEA OIL SPILLS - PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL ACTIONS
Abstract
The Black Sea is referred to as a continental or semi-enclosed sea being connected with the Mediterranean Sea by Bosporus and Dardanelles straits and with the Azov Sea by Kerch Strait. The volume of water exchanged with the Mediterranean Sea is modest; thus the waters under 100 m depth are known as anoxic, and a high concentration of H2S is present. Taking into account its particular situation is a piece of evidence that even small slicks of oil discharged from operational purposes or by accident seriously affect the ecosystem of the sea, the littoral recreational activities, and tourism. Though, the Romanian Black Sea sector is plenty of potential pollution sources: petrochemical facilities, oil terminals, big harbors, offshore exploration perimeters and ships navigating along their routes. MARPOL 73/78 convention provides the Black Sea as a ?special area? from an oil pollution point of view. From this perspective, this paper analyzes the regulatory framework along with materials, methods, and procedures meant to prevent or curb effects in the case of oil spills occurrence. The connections between the Romanian national provisions, regional and international regulations in the oil pollution field are also discussed. Incentives and penalties system remains a challenge for naval and port authorities and the present work provides some guidelines in this area. Not the least, satellite imagery and e-navigation means are of great importance contributors in monitoring, detecting and identifying the oil spills. A case study of detection a polluter ship by satellite imagery and e-navigation is presented along with some recommendations for improvement of the management systems. The conclusions of this work can serve as a reference for students, teachers, sailors and whoever interested in water pollution by hydrocarbons.
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