Scholarly record
MIGRATION OF HEAVY METALS AND METAL-CONTAINING NANOPARTICLES FROM MINING AREAS THROUGH GEORGIAN RIVERS INTO THE BLACK SEA: ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT
Abstract
This study investigates the transport dynamics of heavy metals and metal-containing nanoparticles from mining-affected areas through major Georgian river systems into the Black Sea, with a focus on environmental risk assessment. Mining activities in Georgia represent a significant source of metal contamination, influencing both dissolved and particulate phases within riverine environments. A spatial monitoring approach was applied along upstream–downstream gradients to evaluate the distribution of metals in water and sediments. Metal-containing nanoparticles were identified and differentiated from dissolved and bulk particulate fractions using integrated analytical techniques, including filtration, fractionation, and instrumental characterization methods. The environmental risk assessment was conducted using established indices, including contamination factor (CF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), and potential ecological risk index (PERI), enabling evaluation of ecological threats in both freshwater and coastal receiving systems. Results indicate elevated concentrations of key metals (e.g., Cu, Zn, Pb) downstream of mining zones, with measurable contributions from nanoparticle-associated transport mechanisms. The findings highlight that nanoparticle-facilitated mobility enhances the downstream transfer of contaminants, increasing exposure risks for aquatic ecosystems and the Black Sea coastal environment. Compared to previous regional studies, this research provides new insights into coupled dissolved–particulate–nanoparticle transport pathways and their implications for basin-scale environmental management. The study underscores the need for integrated monitoring strategies and targeted mitigation measures to reduce pollutant fluxes from mining regions and protect transboundary aquatic systems.
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