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VIOLATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF FULL-SCALE MILITARY ACTIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ASPECTS
Abstract
The relevance of this research stems from the critical importance of protecting environmental rights under conditions of martial law. Violations of these rights can lead to long-term environmental degradation and adverse impacts on public health. As of the 1000th day of the war, environmental damage to Ukraine caused by the aggression of the Russian Federation has reached an estimated USD 70 billion. Approximately 3 million hectares of forests have been destroyed, over 6,500 environmental violations recorded, and 180 million tons of CO2 released into the atmosphere. Combustion by-products resulting from Russian missile strikes have already been detected in the air across several European countries. The objective of this study is to analyze international legal mechanisms for the protection of human environmental rights in conflict zones, assess their implications for environmental security, and propose effective measures for mitigating the consequences. The methodological approach includes systematic analysis, forecasting, legal modeling, and content analysis. The findings indicate that, at the national level, Ukraine has adopted a regulatory framework for documenting environmental damage resulting from military actions within its territory. However, at the international level - particularly in the context of establishing an international body to document and investigate war crimes in Ukraine -there remains an insufficient level of legal regulation concerning the protection of the natural environment during active hostilities. This legal gap has led to procedural challenges in obtaining compensation and reparations for environmental violations and in holding the aggressor state accountable.
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