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MAINTAINING EXCAVATIONS FOR HIGH DEPTH IN THE LIGHT OF EXPERIENCE
Abstract
In Poland, in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, underground exploitation of coal seams has been conducted for numerous years, causing a gradual depletion of deposits from previously mined levels. Hence, the depth of mining works carried out each year increases by 5 ? 8 m on average. Currently, already several mines operate at the level of 1,000 m and greater. Designing ground support of excavation and maintaining its functionality at such significant depths has, therefore, become a very important issue from a practical point of view. Support schemes of excavations must ensure both safety conditions and economic requirements. The paper presents the results of laboratory and mine tests obtained in three excavations located at depths of 950 ? 1,290 m. The results of the load of steel arch support, roof strata separations, force in instrumented rockbolts, convergence of excavations and strength of roof rocks were thoroughly analysed. The article also proposes a method of predicting deformation of ground support, which allows to assess the stability of excavations in ultra-deep mining.
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