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THE ROLE OF HYDROTHERMAL ERUPTIONS IN GOLD MINERALIZATION AT THE ARKHARLY EPITHERMAL GOLD-SILVER DEPOSIT
Abstract
Hydrothermal processes, particularly hydrothermal eruptions, play a key role in forming epithermal gold-silver deposits. Such deposits, first described by White [1] and Lloyd [2], are found in both active and ancient hydrothermal systems [3]. These processes are linked to geothermal systems, volcanic activity, and fluid circulation, but their exact mechanisms and influence on metal concentration remain debated. This study examines the role of hydrothermal eruptions and key factors (temperature, boiling, chemical composition, pH, seismic activity) in gold-silver ore formation in volcanic regions, focusing on the Arkharly deposit. The methodology includes a literature review of hydrothermal systems (Yellowstone, Wairakei, Kawerau), geochemical analysis of gold precipitation under varying conditions, and a study of the Arkharly deposit. Results show that excess pressure and seismic activity trigger hydrothermal eruptions. Temperature (100-300 -C) and a neutral-alkaline environment enhance gold solubility. Gold precipitation is driven by hydrothermal boiling, evidenced by base metals and adularia. Short-term emissions of superheated fluids create permeable breccia zones for ore-bearing solutions. Seismic and tectonic activity further increase rock permeability. Andesite-basalt strata of Kazakhstan deposits (Arkharly, Dalabai, Taskora) beneath young volcanics are identified as gold-bearing rocks. The findings improve understanding of epithermal gold-silver deposit formation related to hydrothermal eruptions. Practical applications include better ore zone prediction, optimized exploration, and insights into geochemical, tectonic, and volcanic interactions.
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References19
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