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VEGETATION INFLUENCE ON CANOPY HEIGHT MODELS DERIVED FROM AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING
Abstract
The paper examines the influence of vegetation season on canopy height models (CHM) derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. ALS data were captured during the leaf-on (September 2011) and leaf-off seasons (April 2012) on the territory of the University Forest Enterprise of the Technical University in Zvolen, Slovakia. An automated procedures for deriving high-resolution digital terrain models (DTM) and digital surface models (DSM) were developed. CHM was calculated as the difference between DTM and DSM. CHMs derived from ALS data are commonly used to extract forest inventory parameters. The input ALS data sheets were split into smaller rectangular tiles, so that the data could be loaded and processed in computer memory. The accuracy of derived DTM, DSM, and forest stand parameters is affected by ALS data characteristics. The seasonality effect is significant in forested areas where foliage change causes variation in laser impulses reflected from terrain. The DTM characteristics were similar for the both seasons, whereas the leaf-off and the leaf-on DSMs differed. The mean differences in DTMs for forested and non-forested areas between the leaf-on and leaf-off observations were close to zero. The mean differences between DSMs and CHMs were greater for forests than non-forested areas. The differences in DTMs between the leaf-on and leaf-off seasons were lower than 0.1m on 74% of the study area. Negative differences between leaf-on and leaf-off DTMs were found for 68.95%, negative differences in DSMs for 83.42%, and negative differences in CHMs for 77.56% of the study area. Seasonality was the most significant factor influencing the differences. Changes in canopy height exceeding 10 meters corresponded to forest thinning and final cutting. The effect of seasonality was greater in non-forested than in forested regions. The greatest differences in DTMs, DSMs, and CHMs were related to human activities in non-forested areas.
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