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APPLIED POTENTIAL OF SATELLITE DATA IN THE DETERMINATION OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN DAMBOVICIOARA AREA, ROMANIA
Abstract
Remote sensing is a useful tool for a ssessing, monitoring and conservation of groundwater with advantages of spatial and te mporal availability of data from the large and inaccessible areas. Hydroge ological characteristics of a region are derived by surface indicators-geological features, geomorphology, hydrology, vegetation, land use. The paper deals with geological element as a factor influencing the hydrological and hydrogeological processes in the basin and adjacent areas Dambovicioara. Complexity of data provided by satellites (Landsat TM imagery) has facilitated the study of structural-tectonic (transla ted by liniaments), lithologica l and stratigraphic, which together resulted in delineation of perimeters of hydrogeologic potential in this area. In addition to direct benefits-such as geolog ical information, spatial techniques have demonstrated clearly the usefulness and understanding of other factors responsible for maintaining the hydrological cycle-surface water, landforms, carpet plant.
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DOI resolver: doi.org/10.5593/sgem2011/s02.106
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Title
APPLIED POTENTIAL OF SATELLITE DATA IN THE DETERMINATION OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN DAMBOVICIOARA AREA, ROMANIA
Authors
Proceedings
SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings; SGEM2011 11th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference
Publisher
Stef92 Technology
Year
2011
Pages
Not available yet
ISSN
1314-2704
ISBN
Not available yet
Language
en
Publication type
Conference Paper
Keywords
Remote sensingliniamentsgroundwaterstructural-tectonic elements 1. LOCALIZATIO1 Situated in a transitional area between the flysch zone of the Oriental Carpathians and the crystalline zone of the Southern Carpathiansthe Dâmbovicioara Corridor appears as a large depressionshaped as a parallelogr amlimited to the west by the mountains of Piatra Craiului and Iezer-P ăpuşaand to the east by the massifs of Bucegi and Leaota. The unit’s southern and northern limit varies depending on the interpretation of the actual function of the region ( depressionary unit: North–Măgura PeakSouth–Mateiaşu Mountor corridor: North–Ză rneşti DepressionBra şov and South–the subcarpathian depression of Câmpulung) 2. METHODOLOGY The realization of our goal – determining a relationship between the structural elements highlighted through satellite im age interpretation and the form ation and drainage of the underground waters – required the computeri zed interpretation of several Landsat5 TM imageson a 1:1.000.000 scale which made it possible to compare and integrate the results obtained in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The information used came from six contrast bands and was interpreted digitally using GeoAnalyst PCI 11th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2011 www.sgem.org International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2011 372 EASI/PACE. The images of all the bands were compared in terms of contrast and defined through their geological features (as alignments). At the same timea 1:200000 geological map (the page on Braş ov)several 1:50000 geological maps (thee pages on Bârsa FieruluiZ ărneştiRucăr and Moeciu)and topographic maps of the region were used. Out of the research methods that we used most frequentlythere are: the comparison methodthe experimentand visual observation and interpretation. The study of the faults and fissures provides as well important information concerning the hydrographic networks because they can cause changes in the direction of the river coursesand can act as drainage systems through which large water courses can pass regularlyor can have a role in the storage and transport of mineral waters. The preparation of the structural map (of the alignments)which started from the interpretation of the remote sensing datarequired the use of an algorithm proposed by Jensenin 1986 and Matherin 1987. Soin the area of the Dâmbovicioara Corridorwhich includes the zone under analysis as wellwe were able to determin e 785 unselected alignments (the size of each of them being larger than 500m)whose length totals over 1200 km. Fig.1. Map of the lineaments thought to be geological in nature. Rose diagrams by length and frequency. These alignments represent not just structural elementsbut also topographic and anthropic elements (roadsbridgesirriga tion canalshigh voltage lines). Have been made a series of thematic maps: the map of the geological elements – 476the structural– tectonic model sketchin which 33 major elem ents were include d (of which 9 are considered double elements10 – systems of orientation for the linear elements as a whole and 7 systems of orientation for the major linear elements) and 24 fascicles of linear elements made up of linear elements and segments of small and average dimensionssituated as alignmentsmore or less co-linear and parallel to one another. At the same timethree main sectors were establishedtaking into account the density of the distribution of the linear elements and th e petrographic areas that they characterize. A prominent sector is sector II (SII)in th e centercharacterized by the highest density of the linear elements and by the presence of the most numerous fasciclescorroborated with the existence of obvious tectonic stru ctures and of the pe trography (calcareousmarly and conglomeratic formati ons). The density of the ali gnments in certain spots of the area is much higher than in the neighbor ing spotsyet not well correlated to the 11th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2011 www.sgem.org HydrogeologyEngineering Geology and Geotechnics 373 lithology of the respective area. Azimuthal di agrams have been built according to the alignments’ length and to the frequency of their appearance. As number of elementswe can remark 95 elements in the eastern quadrantand 218 in the western one. The main directions highlighted have 58 elements (N40°E-N60°E)andin the other quadrant62 elements (N20°W-N60°W). Comparing these data to the map realized by the Romanian Geological Institute and with th e reality present out in the fi eldwe can notice that in terms of number and lengththe alignments that can be drawn are respectively by 6.7% and 3.7%more numerous and of different di mensions than the faults present on the respective maps. This slight difference is due to the fact that the outcrops are not always visiblebeing hidden by the vegetation and er oded by the weather eventsor due to the fact that some of themless than 1 km l ongare interpreted as possible structural displacements in the respective area and not faults. 3. GEOLOGICAL A1 D HYDROGEOLOGICAL FACTORS CO 1TROLLI1G THE FORMATIO1 OF THE HYDROSTRUCTURE 3.1. Stratigraphy The formations in the area belong from th e Triassic up to th e LadinianJurassicHauterivian-BedoulianUpper Aptian - MaastrichtianEocene and Lower Pleistocene. Dominant are the deposits of the Middle and Upper Jurassic and those of the Cretaceous Periodwhich cover a large area of the Dâmbovicioara Corridor. The deposits of the Middle and Upper Jurassiclargely developedgenerally belong to a carbonate facies and are represented by yellowish and greenish finely granular and pseudo-oolithic marly limestonesrich in spicules and with numerous siliceous accidentsor sometimes even with intercala tions of red jasperscalcareous sandstonesquartzitic microconglomeratesgrey-bluish marls and marly limestonesreddish or grayish nodular limestonessometimes sa ndy. The Jurassic lime stones are intensely tectonizedfissured and fractured. The contact between the limestones of the Upper Jurassic and those of the Cretaceous Period presentsin certain areassurfaces of lithological discontinuity. The main lithological elements of the Cretaceous Peri od are: soft and hard marlsmarly and submarly limestonemarly limestones of differe nt colors – yellowishgreenishgrayishgrayish-yellowishwhitish-yellowishwhic h characterize the Hauterrivian depositslight grayish marls and marly limestoneswith whitish and yellowish alteration markswith siliceous nodular or lamellar accidents (Cheia)or stratified in banks or slabs (Valea Muierii)of Barremian originBedoulia n grayish bluish soft marlssometimes sandy (Valea Muierii). In-between these marl s at more or less regular intervalsthere appears the calcareous elementnamely compactfine limestonesalmost lithographicmarly limestonesreddishyellowish and gr eenish glauconitic limestonescalcareous brecciasbioclastic and bioc onstructed calcare ous stonesdetritic limestonesmarly nodular limestones. The Upper Cretaceous is individualized through massive sandstones and polimictic conglomeratesmica ceous sandstonescalcareous breccias in alternance with marly silts (Vraconian–Cenomanian)and through yellowish and 11th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2011 www.sgem.org International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2011 374 whitish marls and claystonesconglomeratesmicro-co nglomerates and sandstones (Turonian-Senonian)developed in small areas. The Eocene is made up of an alternation of grayish-yellowish marls with poly-genetic conglomerateslimestones and quartzitic grit stones. They can be found in the SE of the area under analysisin small patches. The Quaternary deposits are represented by: loessoid claystonesPleistocene gravels and sands developed in the north of the areaHolocene alluvial deposits and detritus delineating the main crest of Piatra Craiului on the outside. 3.2. Tectonic and micro-tectonic structure Representing a vast syncline oriented SW-NEthe Dâmbovicioara Corridor has a complex and complicated tectonic structure with a general orientation from N-S to NNE-SSE: a synclinorium with a convergent structure imbricated in the north (Codlea- Cristian sector)indicated by the presence of the folds-scales vergent towards the axis of the corridora transversal hemi-syncline oriented NW-SE (Tohan-Râ şnov sector) and a compartment with a disjunctive tectonics with horsts and grabens (Bran-Ruc ăr sector). The fold tectonics (anticlines - Coac ăzei ValleyUlmului ValleyGr ădiştei Valley and synclines - Piatra CraiuluiŞirneaBranului de SusFunda ta with an orientation SW- NEas well as other folds situated orthogonally on this direction) is accompanied by a fault tectonics with mainly transversal faults (Pelaş a Posada Sud and Posada NordPodul Dâmbovi ţeiFundăţ ica-Valea MuieriiFundurile and Piatra CraiuluiBranuluigrouped in the middle area of the Ruc ăr-Bran compartmentoriented NW-SE or WNW- ESE just as the apex of the Leaota anticlin e - SE) and with longitudinal faults (Pela şa Posada Sud and NordBranului Ghimbav-Dealul Sa suluZacotelor-Piscul CiuculuiGiuvalaFalia ŞimonuluiClinceaŞimonului). These tectonic deformations generate a complex system of grabenshorsts and antithetic steps and indicate the action of distension forces accompaniedto a lower extentby compression forces. Knowing the tectonics and the micro-tectonics of an area where there appear carbonate rocks is essential in the relations a ppearing between a hydrostructure and the neighboring structures or the external modeling factors. In the basin of Dâmbovicioarathe major fa ult system affecting and fragmenting the structure is accompanied by multiple fissures th at favor the direct infiltration of the precipitations and of the ground waters. The micro-tectonics of the lime stones and of the conglomerates in this basin is highlight ed by the presence of two main systems of fissures: a distension fissures systemparallel to the axis of the Piatra Craiului synclineconstituting veritable drains that concentrat e and then through which is transported the largest part of the water qua ntity of the syncline structur e and an extension fissures systemperpendicular on the former ones. Th e position of the extension fissures varies within very narrow limits (N60E /88SE-EW/90)while the orientation of the distension ones varies within a much larger intervalaround the direction north-southwhich is the general orientation of the syncline axis [10 ]. This thing is due to the com plicated tectonics of the southern end of the syncline (Podul Dâmbovi ţei graben and Plea şa horst) favoring the concentration of the drainage directions of the underground waters towards the springs from Cheile de Jos. An dense network of fissures can be noticed in the case of the conglomerates as wellyet the tectonics measurements are harder to realize. 11th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2011 www.sgem.org HydrogeologyEngineering Geology and Geotechnics 375 3.3. Hydrological and hydrogeological framework The ground hydrographic network is represen ted by Dâmbovicioara rivulet. It has a dendritic aspect and is inscribed on a north-south alignmentfollowi ng the slope of the relief. This rivulet’s supply comes from underground water in a proportion of around 10-15m³/sthe area cotaining a karst structurefrom the melting of the snow25%and from pluvial water55-65%. SoDâmbovicioara is the only Valley thatfrom its origins to the place where its waters join those of Dâmbovi ţa Riverbears three namesthat is: Valea Seac ă a Pietrelor (The Dry Stony Valley) up to the confluence with Valea cu Apă (with the tributaries: Vâlcelul G ăiniiValea Cheii de sub GrindValea LespezilorValea lui Stighie)Brusturet up to the confluence with Valea Muierii (having as tributaries: Valea cu Ap ăValea Pe şterii and Valea Muierii) and Dâmbovicioara up to the place where it joins Dâmbovi ţa River.. Al its tributaries have temporary courses and low flows. The dominant supply is pluvio-nivalaccompanied as well by the significant participation of the underground waters. They have an active circulation through the calcareous and conglomeratic formationsand assure a balanced supply throughout the year. The flow regime is characterized by marked variations from one month to the next or from one year to the nextfirst of all due to precipitations. The flow of the Dâmbovicioara rivulet is different in its three sectors. At the confluence with Valea Peşterii it has a high flow because of the springs known as Izvoarele din Plai. The flow gradually decreases until it joins the Dâmbovi ţa River because of the infiltration that feeds the underground waters. Fig.2. The hidrokarst system in the area of Dambovicioara. 1.gorges2.dolina3.ponor4.limestones5.conglomerates6.lithological boundaries7.fault8.karstic spring9.water limits10.cave ([3]modified) The sector of Valea Seacă a Pietrelor is during most of the year without water because of the strong infiltration through the alluvial deposits present in the talweg (the denomination of this sector of Dâmbovicioara Rivulet being representative). The impulse given by the tectonic factor to the course of Dâmbovicioara Rivulet determined the formation of a series of we ll individualized keysseparated or not from small basins with significant underground water reserves with an azonal character. They are gathered in the alluvial deposits of the riversidesin the dejection cones and in the sedimentary formations. The high number of karst springs and their significant flow indicates a remarkable karst circulation in the local landscape. The morphological 11th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2011 www.sgem.org International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2011 376 element characteristic for the Dâmbovicioara basin is represented by the karst valleys represented by keys with vertical walls (3.5 km) made up of Neojurassic lime stones. The Dâmbovi ţa River has an area of the hydrographic basin of 2759km²a length of 266km and a flow of 4.55m³/s (measurements made at the Podul Dâmbovi ţei station in 1980) [9]. The storage and the circulation of the underground waters are directly influenced by the structure of the sedime ntary formations. Know ing the outcrop areas and the relations with the ground waters is an essential condition for the determination of the supply areas of the wate r-bearing systems. They come from the infiltration of the precipitations through the permeable porous rocks of the area and are individualized in hydrostructures conditioned by a series of fa vorability factors: lithological factor (presence of the sedimentary rocks in calcar eous and grit stone-conglomerate facies of Middle and Upper Jurassic Ageand Cretaceous Age)tectonic factor (the profile of the crystalline bedrock and the fault and fold stru cture of the sedimentary layer)climatic and hydrological factors. Sowater-bearing st ructures stored in the fissures and karst gaps of the carbonated rocks (of Lower Bajocian-CallovianMiddle Callovian- OxfordianKimmeridgian-Tithonic and Hauter ivian age) can be highlightedand other water-bearing structures can be found in the fissures and alteration zones of the grit stones and the conglomerates of Upper AptianAlbian and Vraconian-Cenomanian age. Due to the connective lithological element (Ba rremian marls) between the two types of water-bearing structuresa direct and perm anent hydraulic connection is establishedwhich determines the profiling of a unique water-bearing system. The hydrostructure individualized in the Dâmbovicioara basincovering a 32km 2 arearepresents according to the opinion of [4 ] the hydrokarst basin in the south of Piatra Craiului Massifbeing made up of three karst hydrosystems - GâlgoaieValea PesteriiCheile Mari ale Dâmbovitei. Its area has not been precisely delimited so farbut it is supposed to comprise as well the hydrographic basins of Upper Dâmboviţ a in the west [3]. Sotowards the water sources of Cheile de Jos of Dâmboviţ a are directed as well the infiltrated waters from the areas c overed by lime stones from the alignment of 55km2 directed towards the peak La Om southwards and the waters from the areas covered by sedimentary deposits from th e hydrographic basins of Cheia19km 2Ghimbav5km 2and 10km 2situated outside the basins of Cheia and Ghimbavin Dâmboviţa basin [10]. The hydrostructure’s drainage environment is mixedbeing predominantly situated in the grit stone-cong lomerate facies of the Albian and to a lesser extent in the carbonate facies of the Jurassic. 1) The Gâlgoaie ka rst hydrosystem is the most important underground karst discharge (average flow: 300l/s -[10 ]) and is located on the right side of Dâmbovicioara Valley at an altitude of 935m. It is made up of a co mplex of four overflow sources which are not arranged. In Cheile Brusture tului there appear numerous temporary karst springs with low flows (1-10l/s)and upstream the permanent spring La Bilewith a flow of 30l/s. They are located in an intensely fractured and fissured at the basis of a pile of Neojurassic limestones over which are located Hauterrivian lime stones and Barremian marls. 2) The Valea Peşterii karst hydrosystem is individualized by Izvoarele (The Springs) of Valea Rea (Izvoarele din Plai) . This group comprises two karst springsboth of them situated on the right slope of Dâmbovicioa ra at 895m altitudeone having a permanent 11th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2011 www.sgem.org HydrogeologyEngineering Geology and Geotechnics 377 flow (50l/s) and the other functioning according to the principle of the overflow [3]. They appear in the stratification surfaces of the Neojurassic lime stones. 3) The third karst dischage(800l/s of which 300l/s coming from springs - [10])is represented by Izvoarele (The Springs) of Cheia Mică (Cheile de Jos ale Dâmbovi ţei). The Springs form a line stretching out on a length of 1600m [10]. It is situated at the margin of the crystalline areain an intensely tectonized zone in which the crystalline bedrock together with the Neojurassic lime stones rise in steps along a system of transversal faults. The Dâmbovicioara basin also includes Izvoarele (The Springs) of Valea Izvoruluia tributary on the left side of Dâmbovicioara Rivuletsutuated at the boundary between the impermeable crystalline schysts and the Kimmeridgian Tit honic and Bajocian- Lower Callovian lime stonesat an altitude of 975m. The flow is of 20l/s Within this basin two main drainage directio ns can be noticed: a first directionW-Eoriented towards the axis of the synclineimposed by the st ructure – the orientation of the monocline of the synclinal flankand a secondN-Sdetermined by the N-S inclination of the morphotectonic compartmentsdemonstrated on Valea Seac ă- Dâmbovicioara. 4. CO1CLUSIO1S Comparing the fault derangements highlighted while interpreting the satellite images and marked in the structural-tectonic sketch leads to the following conclusions: - the Dâmbovi ţa and Dâmbovicioara Riverswith a weakly meandered courseoverlap some fractures that have not been affected by any other derangements- the high density of the hydrographic network implies a high density of the relief fragmentationso intense deep or superf icial tectonic movementsor strong erosive processes (for example the Valley of Dâmbovi ţa with a density of 1.16 km/km²the Valley of Dâmbovicioara - 1.02 km/km²indicate a relatively numerous presence of structural elements and of erosion). On the structural-tectonic sketchthis presence is highlighted by the abundance of the linear segments. - the orientation and the direction of the ma jor alignments coincide with that of the faults and fissures (determined through the studies of tectonics and micro-tectonics)so with the general or local drainage directions of the underground waters- the sources with a significant flow (for example those from Brusturetului Valley) are situated at the intersection of two major linear elementsor immediately near them- the high density of the alignmentstransl ated in a large number of fasciclessuggests an intense tectonization around the bedrock fracturesso preferential drainage areas (either through the respective fissures or on stratification planes) others than the general drainage direction of the underground waters – identification of local drainage systems. 11th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2011 www.sgem.org International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2011 378 REFERE1CES. [1] ChiţescuM. (2005)Structural geological applications of Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery. Conclusion to the analysis of the st ructural geological elements in the area of Dambovicioara Corridor. Lucr ările ştiinţifice ale simpozionului multidisciplinar international ”UNIVERSITARIA SIMPRO 2005”27-34. [2] Chi ţescuM.IstrateAl. (2005)Geological and tectonic condition of hydrokarst system in Dambovicioara basinOr iental CarpathianRomaniaLucr ările ştiinţifice ale simpozionului multidisciplinar internaţ ional ”UNIVERSITARIA SIMPRO 2005”21- 27. [3] ConstantinescuT.(1984)Carte de la ci rculation des eaux soubterraines dans les Massif de Piatra CraiuluiTrav. Inst. Speol.E RacoviţăBucureşti23. [4] ConstantinescuPi ţigoiR.( 2003)The main types of relief of Piatra Craiului ridgeResearch in Piatra Craiului National ParkI:13-34. [5] Frînculeasa M ădălina(2010)Evoluţ ia geologic ă a Culoarului DâmbovicioaraEditura Cetatea de ScaunTârgovişte223p. [6] IstrateAl.(2002)Sisteme hidrocarstice din ma sivul Bucegi221p [7] MatherP. M. (1987)Computer processing remotely-sensed images-an
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