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GROUNDWATER ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION IN THE OIL AND GAS FIELDS OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract
Groundwater in the territory of Kazakhstan is present in very diverse hydrogeological conditions and is subject to powerful human impact. First of all, it is manifested in groundwater pollution. Basic sources of groundwater pollution are gaseous, liquid and solid substances and production wastes of mining and gas and oil producing complexes industrial enterprises, agricultural facilities, cities and large population centers, large dumps of production, domestic and radioactive wastes etc. They cause habitat degradation and cause harm to population health, which remains the most acute environmental problem of today. Oil fields of Kazakhstan are situated in Aktobe, Atyrau, West-Kazakhstan, Kyzylorda and Mangistauregions. They are situated in desert zone which is subdivided into subzones of northern and typical deserts with brown and grey-brown desert soil. Based on monitoring results, sites of groundwater pollution with oil-products are related to the territories of oil fields, pumping stations on oil pipelines, gas transmission stations on gas-main pipelines, territories of crude oil and oil-products storages. Pollution can also be observed beyond the territories of oil production. In the process of hydrocarbon material development, natural hydrogeological conditions are violated under the impacts of anthropogenic factors, including violation of groundwater deposits conditions as the result of oil fields production activities. It should be noted that infiltration pollution directly through surface deposits is possible not only for ground aquifer, but also for head water due to its low natural protection in natural conditions of Kazakhstan. When oil-products ingress soil, pollutants can distribute along its surface with land runoff, and can also migrate through aeration zone to groundwater. In turn, after ingression into groundwater, oil-products in free form, in the form of so-called ?lenses? and in dissolved form migrate with groundwater. Groundwater polluted with oil-products represents a high hazard in case of its ingression into surface water bodies and aquifers used for water supply. In case of water saturation with oil-products, their content may considerably exceed MPCs. Hazard of pollution with oil for groundwater quality increases due to the fact that natural water has very limited capabilities of auto-purification. Water-saturated rock almost does not sorb petroleum matters from water solutions. Therefore even relatively low quantity of oil can be a source of great pollution and persist for a long time. Cleaning of environment from pollutions related to hydrocarbon raw material development is a crucial objective for the republic, which can be achieved in particular the expert system for oil-products polluted geological environment rehabilitation.
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