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ECOLOGICAL RESISTANCE OF WHEAT FACULTATIVE AND THE INTROGRESSIVE FORMS
Abstract
Studying physiological and biochemical mechanisms of wheat adaptation to ecological stresses considerable interest of scientists is attracted influence of low and high temperatures (a frost and a drought), heavy metals (HMs). Genotypes, such as facultative forms and germplasm of wild relatives, allow increasing ecological resistance of wheat. Collection material from 2014 - 2017 included 30 facultative lines from 8 wheat varieties and 15 introgressive forms received by trans-species hybridization of 6 varieties of the Kazakhstan breeding (Triticum aestivum L.) with wild relatives of Aegilops cylindrical, Aegilops triaristata, Triticum timopheevii, Triticum militinae, Triticum kiharae. Field tests are included: frost resistance of winter forms, drought resistance of spring and winter forms, crop productivity. Laboratory tests are included: the analysis of winter and spring wheat by electrophoresis on availability of marker isoperoxidase according to Kazakhstan patent, which is taken out by us; level of biochemical adaptation to frost, drought and HMs measured on an accumulation of free proline. The experimental data are processed statistically. The electrophoresis of cathodic peroxidases of sprouts has shown availability of A32 isoperoxidase at winter forms and absence at spring forms of wheat, the intensity of A32 isoperoxidase was connected with winter degree. In field experiments the level of frost resistance facultative and the introgressive forms of wheat was differed: 2/3 facultative wheat have shown average and average below level of frost resistance, the introgressive forms with wild relatives germplasm ? high (96% of survivors after the wintering). The drought tolerance in spring sowing was higher at the introgressive forms of wheat in comparison with facultative one. The difference between facultative and the introgressive forms on free proline accumulation in drought conditions is established. It is shown, that HMs (ions Zn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+) cause inhibition of growth processes of facultative and the introgressive forms of wheat. However, there was heterogeneity in the degree of response of roots and shoots, as well as HMs effect on various forms of wheat. The maximum accumulation of free proline was observed under the influence of cadmium (Cd2 +) and copper (Cu2 +), less - under the action of a zinc salt (Zn2 +). All studied forms of wheat of winter and spring sowing reacted to HMs by increasing of free proline accumulation in leaves of seedlings. For facultative spring forms such regularity was shown most, up to 4 times in comparison with control.
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