ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESS MONITORING USING INTELLIGENT GIS TECHNIQUES

, placing that information at some point on the globe. When rainfall information is collected, it is important to know where the rainfall is located. This is done by using a location reference system, such as longitude and latitude, and perhaps elevation. Comp aring the rainfall information with other information, such as the location of marshes across the landscape, may show that certain marshes receive little rainfall. This fact may indicate that these marshes are likely to dry up, and this inference can help us make the most appropriate decisions about how humans should interact with the marsh. A GIS, therefore, can reveal important new information that leads to better decision -making.

PANORAMIC IMAGE INTEGRATION WITHIN GIS APPLICATION This study focuses on the integration of panoramic photographs and web-based GIS. The integration of complementary technologies provides more powerful results in GIS applications. Collecting and assembling a series of digital images of large geographic areas into single panor amic images allow the user to view a multi -dimensional map that provides significantly more geographic information. By adopting the web as a Internat ional Scient ific Confer ence of Moder n Management of Mine Pr oducing, Geology and Environment al Pr ot ect ion SGEM 200 6 6th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2006 www.sgem.org Int er nat ional Confer ence SGEM 200 6 370 dissemination way for geographic information, we can provide alternate representations of our environment. GIS, which include historical monuments, is important theme for various field such as historical conservation and tourism fields. The GIS published via Internet so as to come into contact with wide-range user. Because of gaps between providers and users, a lot of problems arise on historical heritage especially. The Internet is a perfect solution to speed up interactive communication between them. Panoramic Imaging is a major part of the image -based category of the virtual tours. It provides not only increased realism but also inexpensive solutions to information systems. To determine coordinates of point, where photos were taken, were measured by handheld GPS. As a result, a Historical Information System (HIS) was designed and panoramic image was transferred to HIS as a new document. The study is considered as a multipurpose though; it is capable of serving as an expert system.

1 Web-based GIS Recently, there has been new trend in developing Web -based GIS applications. Researchers in this field have recognized Web- based GIS applications are becoming an important tool to disseminate geographical information on the Internet because of their platform independence, interactivity, and wide accessibility. Geographic information can be distributed in a variety of forms on the Internet. In dynamic maps, the web server will be connected to a GIS, which is able to generate maps on request. They enable to choose features that will be displayed, such as the scale, location values etc. In this type of applications, maps are drawn according to preset parameters. And then the web browser displays the map as an image (Garagon 2002). Figure 1 shows detailed architecture of connection via internet (Plewe, 1997). Fig. 1. Architecture of Dynamic Configuration

2 Panoramic Imaging Panoramic imaging is an effective tool to represent environment. Its visual features are very successful. Panorama creates virtual reality well because photographs are used. Image -based virtual reality has more advantages than model base d. It can be obtained by a panoramic camera or an ordinary digital camera. Although panoramic images are two dimensional as they are constructed from a series of photographs, the effect is considerable realism (Cohen, 2000). By exploiting panoramic images we are able to generate relatively inexpensive yet convincing walk SGEM 200 6 - Section IV 371 through representations of complex facilities which support ad-hoc measurements. These image archives are very rich source of information about the true operational status of a facility and thus are already a very valuable component of any FM database (Chapman D., Deacon A., 1998).

3 Panoramic Image Acquisition Let’s suppose panoramic images were built and geo-referenced in several steps:

Photographs were taken outside.

Points in which photos taken were measured by handheld GPS.

Panoramic images were built on computer. Then they were exported to small size video images.

Points measured by GPS were geo-referenced at Historical Information System (HIS) as node graphic data. Two points could have been just chosen as panoramic images due to narrow area. Therefore, a cylindrical panorama was obtained. Figure 2 illustrates structure of cylindrical panorama (Benosman, R., Kang, S.B., 2000). Fig. 2. Cylindrical panorama Since panoramic image becomes larger than each image used for creating panorama, picture size should be very low. Web -based GIS applications combine the advantages of both GIS and the Internet. Linking spatial data with panoramic images and other non-spatial data has a potential for environmental management, urban planning, preservation, and tourism. There will be subsequent improvements in the functions and capability of the application to make it more efficient. The recent convergence of multiple information and communication technologies including Internet, wireless communications, mobile position determination, portable Internet -enabled devices and GIS has given rise to a new class of location based applications and services. Location based servi ces deliver geographic information and geo-processing power between mobile and/or static users via the Internet and/or wireless network. Development of GIS, as integral components of location -based services remains the complex task so the availability of Internet GIS application framework is crucial to achieve greater scalability, reliability and fast-time -to- market. The contemporary architecture of information systems is now distributed over multiple tiers (usually: client, application and data server tiers), and assembled of application components that are self-contained, self-describing, modular applications 6th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2006 www.sgem.org Int er nat ional Confer ence SGEM 200 6 372 (services). Such components can be published, located and invoked across the Web using computing devices of all sizes: from mainframes to PDAs and mobile phones. In accordance with it, there are two basic approaches to development and deployment of GIS or any other complex, data -driven application on the Internet: as server -side or client -side applications. In a server -side Internet GIS application, a Web browser is used to generate server requests and display the results. An Internet GIS server usually combines a standard Web (HTTP) server and a GIS application server, and the GIS databases and functionality reside completely on the server(s). Within server -side GIS application user’s interaction in Web browser represents the request which is transferred to a Web server. The Web server passes the request to a GIS application server, which runs GIS application software, generates a map graphic, converts the graphic to Web format, wraps the image in HTML and sends it back to the Web server, which then returns the response to the client as a standard Web page. Server -side applications can comply with Internet standards, because the entire complex and propr ietary software, as well as the GIS databases reside on a server that's administered by the deploying organization. Disadvantages of server -side solutions are primarily associated with poor performance and limited user interface and interaction. The future belongs to client - side, 3-tiers Internet GIS applications, especially for intranet and extranet solutions dedicated to provide full GIS analysis and management support to specific users within business, government or public utility sectors. In client -side Internet GIS, the client is enhanced to support GIS operations, while the middle tier, representing by application server, is populated with application logic – Figure 3. In such systems either a substantial amount of GIS functionality is moved to the client, or only the user interface is enhanced slightly to enable specific user interaction. Depending on the degree of functionality possessed by the client, the OpenGIS has developed a model to classify different types of Internet GISs according to their portrayal service built within clients with various "thickness" : - Thin clients (only raster images JPG and PNG) - Medium clients (graphic primitives WebCGM and SVG) - Thick clients (data in the form of simple features XML/GML, processed at the client side) The primary advantages of client-side solutions are the abilities to enhance user interfaces, improve performance and implement advanced solutions using both raster and vector data. SGEM 200 6 - Section IV 373 Fig. 3. Client -side Internet GIS architecture (3-tiers) The main problems associated with client -side solutions relate to distributing software and data. Distributing software (Java, ActiveX or any other type) is still problematic because of portability and platform The architecture of location based services consists of three main parts: - Positioning of mobile terminals based on either GSM/GPRS/UTMS mobile communication systems, or GPS/GLONASS/Galileo satellite positioning systems. - Wireless communication network based on GSM/GPRS/UTMS. - Internet/W eb GIS that provides spatial -temporal data and services over Web.

4 Grid and Decentralized Paradigm Emergence of the Internet has made it possible to interconnect millions of computer - like devices ranging from powerful supercomputers, computer farms, and all the way to mobile phones. Both computing power and interconnection network speed, according to the current trend, are increasing each year. Imagine how wonderful it will be to be able to draw computing power from these devices in the same way we are using electrical power — not knowing where the (computing) power is generated from. With web services, we can create a complex distributed application from multiple GIS services which provide limited functions to their local data. Using decentralized paradigm on the Grid will naturally support research in GIS. With the advent of high speed networking and many initiatives that will link international computing resources via high speed networking links, considerable GIS research tends to adopt the combination of decentralized and grid paradigms. Information sharing can be easily promoted since owners of such information can arrange different level of securities so that only public part will be shared which they cannot do when storing them in one central database.

5 Web Services Web Service (WS) is an emerging technology that will allow multiple internet based applications to interact. The input and output of WS are not for presentation as we see in web document (using browser to view the document content). In other words, the output of a web server is usually in the HTML format which mainly focuses on how document is shown on the viewer while WS concentrates on building distributed applications. The concept of WS is based on service -oriented architecture (SOA) paradigm where a complete application can be constructed from various services which provide different functionalities. The interaction among these services relies heavily on the web communication protocol, namely SOAP (simple object access protocol) which is 6th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2006 www.sgem.org Int er nat ional Confer ence SGEM 200 6 374 constructed by a de facto standard XML specification. In fact the three big IT companies, Microsoft, IBM, and SUN are currently adopting many open standards including these two technologies in their products. WS applications can range from simple stock price quoting, weather reporting to the more complex one like supply - chain interaction. The following example would help understand the underlying differences between these two technologies. Consider the following traveling plan management (TPM) example. For a certain trip, we need to know at least the route to final destination, local weather, car rental company information, availability/rates of room. Using web application approach, one must surf the internet using web browsers to copy the mentioned information from each web site. You may create a web site which will compile this piece of information and present it to your customers. The information being keyed in to your application is from different sources which can only be provided to you in HTML forma t. Such information is only good for viewing purposes, e.g., using bold face and larger font with vivid colors to emphasize some important data. Nonetheless, this kind of presentation scheme is suitable for efficient interaction between two applications or also known as services. Data exchange can be done more efficiently with no beautification. Many software developers have tried to simplify the web application output so as to integrate multiple applications. However, as the applications become more comple x, they also require more sophisticated input or even producing output that cannot be described by HTML. Let’s consider the previous case study; if we use the Web Service approach, each functionality is autonomous. They can talk to each other directly with out user intervention. In this scenario, data being sent among services are described by using XML format. The services will be invoked remotely using SOAP, honoring distributed computing style. Currently there are many standalone business services that can be wrapped in web service format. In our case, GIS road map, corporate travel web services from different locations can be integrated, thereby creating applications which can offer more complete services to customers (see Figure 6). In this scenario, there is no single GIS roadmap company that can provide complete information about all local roadmaps. This is very natural in many cases where there is no centralized data center. Web service approach can promote the concept of distributed computing.

THE FLOODED ZONES DETERMINATION AND REPRESENTATION The next paragraph presents a software product, for digital representation and monitoring of the floodable zones, depending on water measured elevations in two consecutive hydrometrical stations, which can be represented by rapports and plotting at different levels: running water, hydro -technique arrangement, locality, hydrographic basin, district. SGEM 200 6 - Section IV 375 Fig. 4. Putting it all together using web services Approach For the accomplishment of digital representation, descriptive (a relational database) and graphical data (raster and vector representations) are captured, stored and processed. The software product, achieved in GIS technology, is constituted by two components: GEO -MAP - associated with information constant in time or slow modifiable and HIDRO -MAP - associated with information variable or fast modifiable, offering the possibility of a real time representation of the hydro -meteorological and operative information system. The presented model [7] for this meaning is based on the cross sections utilization achieved by measurements or computer aided generated in different points from water course line. The implementation model proposes the crossing of two phases:  cross sections computer aided generation;  flooded zone determination and representation. The cross sections computer aided generation on the water course line is achieved by the digital terrain modeling using level curves and (eventually) intermediate points of known elevation represented on plan used like input document, plan that was preliminary digitized by the GEO -MAP component. It is possible to plot new level curves by numerical interpolation. In this example it has been ascertained that the numb er of determined points Pdi, Psi for the cross section trough P is bigger in the case of the existence of some points of known elevation (marked with x in the given example) than in the case when it would be utilized only level curves. The elevations of the points P from the water course are determined by numerical interpolation. The points which define the computer aided generated and the achieved by measurements cross sections will be stored, having to be used when it is asked the determination and drawin g of flooded zone. For the flooded zone determination, knowing the water elevations in two successive stations from upstream to downstream, there are determined the water elevations in the 6th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2006 www.sgem.org Int er nat ional Confer ence SGEM 200 6 376 points of cross sections generation by the numerical interpolation method supposing that the slope between the two measurement points is uniformly. Fig. 5. The flooded zone determination using cross sections and water measured elevations in upstream and downstream stations For each point P, it is determined the left point of equal elevation with the P point elevation and the right point of equal elevation. Flooded zone is defined by the strip resulted by the union of the left points between them and the union of right points determined. Over the zone so determined and represented as graphical object (blue color), it will be overlapped the other layers representing the flooded objectives, access ways etc. The three zones afferent to the attention, flood, evacuation elevations can be distinctly marked into the same representation.

THE SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS GIS in the 21st Century requires high performance of processing power and communication bandwidth. Therefore, in this paper we proposed the decentralized approach to help us distribute jobs and data across the network as well as sharing all resources. By doing so, the collaboration among different organizations can be promoted. Peer to peer network facilitates resource discovery of both geographic data and computing server. In order to create an effective collaboration and communication we proposed to use XML standard format of data exchange across geo-related organizations. The users can apply this technology for analyzing and making decision via the Internet. Web services technology play signific ant role to create distributed applications. Such technologies allow GIS developers to build. The key to success of this system is the collaborative efforts among different sectors of GIS society. SGEM 200 6 - Section IV 377 The development of Internet applications and the possibilit y to use data acquisition instruments connected to a PC allows the users to make a central system of measurements near to the process and use it to transfer data towards every place where users need. Using a TCP/IP connection between the computers (that includes a Server part and a Client part) (Radescu R., 2003), it is possible to develop a system of subVIs using LabVIEW environment. This works like a Server -Client structure, allowing the users to perform data acquisition and transfer. Usually, data are transferred to a different place to be processed by a monitoring system. Since the amount of data to be transmitted to the monitoring system can be important, it is suitable to compress them before the transfer is carried on. This allows a faster communicat ion between the monitoring system and the process. The software application described hereafter integrates two parts. The first part is represented by the LabVIEW environment that helps to perform data acquisition, saving and transfer. The second part represented by the software application responsible with data compression. Both software applications are user friendly.

1. The LabVIEW application [1] The server gives the result of a request on its ports and then a client that reads the port takes the result. The server blocks are as follows: String is the numeric field to send ; Port is the communication port where the data are received ; TCP Listen checks for client requests ; TCP Write writes the data on the communication port; TCP Close closes the com munication. The client blocks are here as follows: Address is the address of server, in numeric format; Port2 is the port of communication where the data are stored (if the data are available) ; TCP Read reads the data if they arrived to the port of commu nication. The compression application After the data set has been saved into the data.txt file, the user may use the second application that makes the data compression. This application is programmed within C- Builder programming environment and has a user friendly interface. The main window of the interface is illustrated by the snapshot in Figure 6. The interface offers the user the following options: - select the path of file to be compressed by pressing the button “Selecteaza” (Brows e); the selected path is shown in the first bar; the second bar shows the path and the file name of the compressed data; the path is the same as for the original (uncompressed) file; the file extension is .shf for Shannon -Fano method, .hfn for classical Huffman method and .hfa for adaptive Huffman method; 6th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2006 www.sgem.org Int er nat ional Confer ence SGEM 200 6 378 Fig. 6. The main window of data compress utility interface -select one of the 3 compression methods by pressing the arrow on the menu entitled “Algoritm folosi t” (Algorithm to use); - the button “Start compresi e” starts the compression procedure; - the button “Decomprim a” starts the decompression procedure; -display the elapsed time for compression /decompression process; - display the initial and final dimensions of files [Kb] and the compression rate [%] on the bottom bar; - the button “Informatii” (Informatio n) allows the user to see the results of compression process and to perform a comparison between the three algorithms for three types of files: .txt, .exe and .bmp, as illustrated in Figure 7 Fig. 7. Comparison on compression methods window SGEM 200 6 - Section IV 379

CONCLUSIONS A critical component of a GIS is its ability to produce graphics on the screen or on paper to convey the results of analyses to the people who make decisions about resources. Wall maps, Internet -ready maps, interactive maps, and other graphics can be generated, allowing the decision makers to visualize and thereby understand the results of analyses or simulations of potential events. Environmental studies, geography, geology, planning, business marketing, and other disciplines have benefited from GIS tools and methods. Together with cartography, remote sensing, global positioning systems, photogrammetry, and geography, the GIS have evolved into a discipline with its own resear ch base known as geographic information sciences. An active GIS market has resulted in lower costs and continual improvements in GIS hardware, software, and data. These developments will lead to a much wider application of the technology throughout governm ent, business, and industry. GIS and related technology will help analyze large datasets, allowing a better understanding of terrestrial processes and human activities to improve economic vitality and environmental quality. REFERENCES

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