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THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES OF THE PLANT EXOSOMES
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as transporter of distinct bioactive molecules, can take part in different physiological mechanisms. Whereas a high number of studies have been published related to mammalian derived EVs, the existence of EVs in plants still is controversial. Plant EVs are poorly characterized, and their composition is largely unknown. Our knowledge of plant exosomes is limited, and we are far from understanding the biological functions of plant exosomes. The fusion of multivesicular bodies with a plasma membrane leads to the release of small vesicles into the extracellular spaces of higher plants. EVs move in apoplastic fluid inside the cell between the cell wall and protoplast to the sites of their localization. Plant EVs may provide safe compartments for the storage and secretion of bioactive metabolites in intact cells. Exosomes (30?150 nm in diameter) are the smallest of the known classes of EVs. Plant exosomes participated in defence responses in answer to pathogen attacks. EV secretion increased in plants infected with Pseudomonas syringae. Plant exosomes are detected in apoplastic wash fluids, but how exosomes pass through the plant cell wall remains unclear. Fruit juices isolated from edible plants are a good source of EVs. Recent descriptions of vesicles derived from edible plants show that they might contain pharmacological active molecules. Plant EVs are found in leaves and different tissues of stems and branches. Exosomes were localized on the internal surfaces of cell walls and anatomical elements of the secondary phloem and secondary xylem. Enzymatic erosion on the internal surfaces of the cell walls occurs in the sites of exosomes localization as exosomes transported cellulases. Exosomes containing cellulases should function through the entire active growth period of the tree. Cellulases delivered by exosomes, improve biosynthesis of cellulose and participate in the remodeling of cell walls of higher plants.
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