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SPECIFICITY OF THE INFLUENCE OF SPACE TOOLS ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE COMPLEX OF EARTH SCIENCES (HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS)
Abstract
The information obtained during remote sensing of our planet from space is used by a large complex of Earth sciences (in geography, geology, volcanology, geoinformatics, cartography, climatology, meteorology, oceanology, seismology, etc.), to solve applied problems in many areas of human activity and in other purposes. These «other» objectives generally refer to various aspects of military applications. Along with the obvious necessity and importance of using space methods in cartography and geodesy (recognition and location of objects of interest), special attention was paid to solving meteorological problems. This area of application of space instruments played a decisive role in the subsequent use of space sensing of the earth's surface for civil purposes and the formation of special scientific and technical industries. The basis of the interaction of astronautics and earth sciences was photo reconnaissance. Aircraft have become an indispensable tool in mapping. Reconnaissance satellites replaced them from the beginning of the 60s of the twentieth century. Certain restrictions on the use of the obtained materials for civilian purposes imposed conditions of secrecy. The optical photography range was supplemented by infrared. In 1978 a new development round began with the use of radar independent of weather conditions. In recent decades, the possibilities of hyperspectral remote sensing allow determining the characteristics of objects on the ground hidden under normal conditions. In the initial period the task of photography the surface determined the design parameters of the spacecraft. The development of electronics has turned it into a platform for a hardware complex. Instead of the "historically" established principles of visual processing and image recognition, a computer system with related software are becoming the main analyzing device. It even allows for new "derivative" images. Based on the values of the raster data and their geographic position, researchers have the opportunity to determine the characteristics hidden in normal conditions.
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