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COPPER DISTRIBUTION AND FRACTIONATION IN TECHNOGENICALLY TRANSFORMED SOILS: A CASE STUDY OF THE KARABASH COPPER SMELTER (SOUTH URALS, RUSSIA)
Abstract
The determination of the geochemical fractions of heavy metals in soils of technogenic landscapes is a key issue in the study of their mobility. The current study aims to investigate of the accumulation and mobility of Cu in soils adjacent to the Karabash copper smelter at South Urals, Russia. Studies were performed in the plume zone of the Karabash smelter and in the floodplains of Ryzhii Brook and Sak-Egla River for the surface layer of soil (0-5 cm). The level of Cu pollution by soil located at a distance from 0.75 km to 5 km from the smelter related to the type of production (technology of copper smelting, the composition and amount of emissions), atmospheric conditions scattering airborne industrial contaminants, landscape-geochemical conditions of transformation and migration of contaminants. The total Cu content of soils were determined by X-ray fluorescence. Copper in soils was determined by the Tessier sequential fractionation which characterized the following five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe and Mn oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual fractions. According to landscape-geochemical differentiation, the eluvial (automorphic) catena takes the main technogenic load of dust fallouts from the Karabash Cu smelter. Results of Cu fractionation of highly contaminated natural-technogenic soil samples (more than 1000 mg/kg) in this area showed that Cu accumulation in the most mobile exchangeable forms, and the share of these forms increases with increasing contamination level. The immobilization of Cu is mainly due to its fixation by organic matter and Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides. The distribution of Cu among the fractions is as follows: exchangeable fraction > fraction bound to organic matter ? fraction bound to Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides > residual fraction > fraction bound to carbonates.
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