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MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY AND RADIOACTIVITY OF THE URANIUM MINERALIZATION AND DETERMINATION OF LITHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION IN THE DADAGI TOWN, CENTRA

ALCICEK, Omer Nedim, KALENDER, Leyla

First published: 2015https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b13/s3.060View metrics

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Title
MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY AND RADIOACTIVITY OF THE URANIUM MINERALIZATION AND DETERMINATION OF LITHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION IN THE DADAGI TOWN, CENTRA
Authors
ALCICEK, Omer Nedim, KALENDER, Leyla
Proceedings
SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings; 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES IN GEOLOGY, EXPLORATION AND MINING
Publisher
Stef92 Technology
Year
2015
Pages
461-468
ISSN
1314-2704
ISBN
978-619-7105-33-9
Language
en
Publication type
Conference Paper
References28

  1. AdvokaatE. L., Van HinsbergenD.J.J., KaymakcıN., Vissers R.L.M. and HendriksB. W. H. 2014. Late Cretaceous extension and Palaeogene rotation-related contraction in Central Anatolia recorded in the Ayhan- Büyükkışla basinInternational Geology Review, 56/15, 1813-1836.

  2. Uçakcıoğlu S., 1990.The source, exploration, production and consumption of uranium in Turkey and the world. Mineral Research and Exploration Technical report, Ankara.

  3. Çetintürk, İ, 1992 . Uranium prospecting Kırşehir -Kayseri-Nevşehir-Niğde area. Mineral Research and Exploration, Report No. 9306, Ankara.

  4. Raslan M.F., El-Fekyy M.G., 2012. Radioactivity and mineralogy at the altered granites f the Wadi Ghadir shear zone, South Eastren Desert, Egypt. Chinese Journal of Chemistry, 31/1, 30-40.

  5. Abu Elatta, S.A., Hassan, S.F., El-Farrash, A.H., El-Feky, M.G., Refaat, M., 2014. Recent uranium mmobilization and radioactivity of metamorphosed sandstones at Sikait area, South Eastern sesert of Egypt. Journal of Geology and Mining Research, 6/2, 28-38.

  6. Saleh, G. M., Mostafa, D.A., Darwish, M. E., Salem, I. A. 2014. Gabal El Faliq Granitoid rocks of the Southeastern Desert, Egypt: Geochemical constraints, mineralization and Spectrometric Prospecting, Standard Global Journal of Geology and Explorational Research,1(1), 009 - 026.

  7. Rose, A.W., Wright, R.J., 1980. Geochemical exploration models for sedimentary

  8. uranium deposits. J. Geochem. Explor. 15, 51–62.

  9. Atabey, E., Tarhan, N., Yusufoğlu, H., Canpolat, M., 1988, Geology of between Hacıbektaş, Gülşehir and Kalaba (Nevşehir) -Himmetdede (Kayseri). General Directory Mining Research and Exploration (MTA) Raport Number: 8523 (no published), Ankara.

  10. Hansink, J.P., 1976. Equilibrium analysis of sandstone rollfront uranium deposits. Proceedings Inter. Symposium on exploration of uranium deposits.Int. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. pp. 683 - 693.

  11. Smirnov, V.I., Ginzburg, A.I., Grigoriev, V.M., Yakovlev, G.F., 1983. Studies of MineralDeposits. Mir, Moscow.

  12. Pichler T, Hendry M.J., 2001. The mineralogy of arsenic in uranium mine tailings at the Rabbit Lake in-pit facility, northern Saskatchewan, Canada. Environ Geol. 40: 495–506. International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConfenferences SGEM 2015 www.sgem.org Section Exploration and Mining

  13. Keegan, E., Wallenius, M., Mayer, K., Varga, Z., Rasmussen, G., 2012. Attribution of uranium ore concentrates using elemental and anionic data, Applied Geochemistry, 27, 1600– 1609.

  14. Yamamoto K., Yoshida, H., Akagawa, F., Nishimoto S., Metcalfe, R., 2013. Redox front penetration in the fractured Toki Granite, central Japan: An analogue for redox reactions and redox buffering in fractured crystall ine host rocks for repositories of long-lived radioactive waste. Applied Geochemistry, 35, 75– 87. FIGURE LISTS Figure 1. a Location map of the studied area. b. Geological map of study area (Modified from [1, 10]Atabey, 1989; Advokaat, 2011). Fig. 1 Table Lists Table 1.Major oxide composition of the whole rock samples in wt. %. Table 2. Trace element composition of the whole rock samples in ppm. Bold values are below the detection limits. All trace element concentrations were given in ppm except for Au* in ppb. Table 3.REE composition of the whole rock samples. REEs concentrations were given in ppm. %. Sample Code SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO CaO Na2O K2O TiO2 P2O5 MnO GDK-1 42.51 16.1 6.49 1.79 8.91 1.58 6.32 0.56 5.05 0.09 GDK-2 34.21 13.36 6.94 1.84 14.95 1.41 4.56 0.38 6.82 0.18 GDK-3 34.72 14.65 5.04 0.82 15.93 1.87 4.17 0.41 9.75 0.08 GDK-4 34.61 14.51 5.24 0.88 16.56 1.90 4.19 0.39 7.74 0.11 GDK-5 6.37 2.25 2.16 1.07 45.95 0.33 0.47 0.09 0.54 0.56 GDK-6 3.30 1.37 2.25 0.85 48.70 0.11 0.29 0.04 0.33 0.29 GDK-7 2.90 1.00 2.53 1.18 49.03 0.06 0.21 0.03 0.13 0.29 GDK-8 1.31 0.48 0.56 1.06 51.95 0.05 0.11 0.01 0.07 0.15 GDK-9 4.85 1.62 2.77 4.79 43.00 0.20 0.35 0.06 0.17 0.26 GDK-10 2.12 0.64 1.94 4.94 45.94 0.10 0.12 0.02 0.12 0.21 GDK-11 1.54 0.42 1.61 2.54 49.92 0.06 0.07 0.02 0.12 0.33 GDK-12 2.37 0.85 2.56 6.34 43.4 0.09 0.17 0.02 0.07 0.15 GDK-13 2.66 1.06 3.5 9.22 38.72 0.11 0.23 0.03 0.07 0.29 GDK-14 0.89 0.28 0.94 2.02 51.19 0.05 0.04 0.01 0.06 0.22 Table 1 International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConfenferences SGEM 2015 www.sgem.org 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2015 GDK (Sample code) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Silts samples Siliceous limestones Th 24.6 590.5 185.5 138.5 11.7 10.3 3.6 1.3 3.5 1.8 1.4 2.6 3.1 0.7 U 1237.2 1818.8 2536.9 2103.4 221.4 221.6 336.6 217.7 336.3 175 223.4 120.4 123.3 341 Ba 721 495 537 543 437 240 186 161 271 66 72 97 129 56 Co 17.8 12 13.4 12.1 8.1 17 18.1 33.4 18.9 1.1 16.8 0.9 3.7 13.1 Cs 17.9 25.3 30.6 32.7 2.2 1.9 1.1 0.5 1.7 0.5 0.6 1 1.2 0.3 Ga 27.8 18.4 21.2 19.7 2.5 1.3 0.9 0.5 2.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.1 0.5 Hf 3.6 3.2 3.4 3.3 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 Nb 16 9.9 10.2 9.8 2.2 0.8 0.8 0.4 1.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.2 Rb 151.2 132.6 148.7 136.7 18.2 10.7 8.9 4.4 14.8 5.6 3.7 7.9 9.5 2.7 Sr 1508 2157 2775 2148 1228 1213 2567 1237 1531 1817 1884 2642 1645 1558 V 89 98 76 82 23 38 14 8.0 20 8.0 8.0 8.0 12 8.0 W 5.2 3.6 2.9 3.1 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Zr 162.3 124.9 140.3 116.6 42.5 12.6 7.3 5.3 15.1 7.1 8.1 12.2 7.7 3.9 Y 35.5 185.9 123.4 75.3 10.9 10.3 6.9 1.3 5.4 2.2 3.7 3.1 3.4 2.1 Mo 16.5 3.5 2.6 2.1 0.4 1.3 2.2 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.5 2.1 0.8 Cu 56.3 36 41.9 39.1 6.8 11.3 7.9 1.8 7.9 2.5 1.9 3.5 5.4 1.3 Pb 73.6 78.3 68.7 61.7 25 21 47.5 10.2 142.2 6.3 14.1 8.6 22.3 8.3 Zn 113 114 117 106 31 43 34 18 104 14 38 17 37 11 Ni 63.2 16.8 19.1 15.2 2.1 5.4 4.1 11.3 15.2 0.1 3.8 1.1 2.2 4.9 As 128.1 583.1 266.8 281.9 25.1 392.5 24.1 49.6 65 17 52.2 35.4 74.3 15.3 Cd 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 Sb 2.7 7.1 3.6 3.3 0.5 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.6 1 0.5 Bi 1.3 0.9 1.1 1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ag 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Au* 0.8 0.9 2.1 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 Hg 0.76 1.9 0.29 0.73 0.07 0.26 0.15 0.11 0.93 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.1 0.17 Tl 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Se 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Sample code La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu GDK-1 47.5 80 8.52 29.1 5.31 0.96 4.76 0.81 5.02 1.09 4.08 0.84 7.18 1.23 GDK-2 56.6 122.1 16.78 72.9 18.29 4.05 20.62 3.89 27.19 5.99 18.38 2.84 16.99 2.29 GDK-3 64.6 126.3 15.47 57.2 13.52 3.1 15.08 2.67 18.03 4.15 14.63 2.52 18.24 2.97 GDK-4 50.8 95 10.33 38 8.08 1.78 8.51 1.56 10.31 2.51 8.39 1.53 11.72 1.86 GDK-5 11.3 20.7 2.22 8.6 1.76 0.36 1.71 0.27 1.65 0.35 1.05 0.16 1.1 0.17 GDK-6 8.6 15.3 1.86 7.4 1.62 0.32 1.76 0.26 1.64 0.31 1.0 0.17 1.13 0.15 GDK-7 13.9 23.3 2.52 10.2 1.51 0.42 1.9 0.27 1.58 0.27 0.87 0.11 0.65 0.1 GDK-8 2.2 3.3 0.37 1.5 0.2 0.03 0.32 0.04 0.24 0.02 0.1 0.02 0.11 0.03 GDK-9 8.2 14.8 1.57 5.3 0.84 0.21 0.93 0.11 0.75 0.14 0.4 0.07 0.38 0.06 GDK-10 4.5 7.1 0.78 3.6 0.58 0.11 0.54 0.08 0.35 0.06 0.2 0.03 0.16 0.03 GDK-11 4.7 6.7 0.65 2.4 0.32 0.1 0.66 0.1 0.72 0.09 0.3 0.05 0.3 0.05 GDK-12 5.2 10.3 1.02 3.8 0.65 0.09 0.58 0.08 0.45 0.07 0.24 0.03 0.3 0.04 GDK-13 6.4 11.4 1.12 3.9 0.76 0.15 0.72 0.1 0.56 0.11 0.41 0.05 0.34 0.05 GDK-14 3.4 5.7 0.57 2.3 0.24 0.07 0.41 0.05 0.26 0.05 0.21 0.03 0.16 0.01 Table 2 Table 3 International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConfenferences SGEM 2015 www.sgem.org

  15. AdvokaatE. L., Van HinsbergenD.J.J., KaymakcıN., Vissers R.L.M. and HendriksB. W. H. 2014. Late Cretaceous extension and Palaeogene rotation-related contraction in Central Anatolia recorded in the Ayhan- Büyükkışla basinInternational Geology Review, 56/15, 1813-1836.

  16. Uçakcıoğlu S., 1990.The source, exploration, production and consumption of uranium in Turkey and the world. Mineral Research and Exploration Technical report, Ankara.

  17. Çetintürk, İ, 1992 . Uranium prospecting Kırşehir -Kayseri-Nevşehir-Niğde area. Mineral Research and Exploration, Report No. 9306, Ankara.

  18. Raslan M.F., El-Fekyy M.G., 2012. Radioactivity and mineralogy at the altered granites f the Wadi Ghadir shear zone, South Eastren Desert, Egypt. Chinese Journal of Chemistry, 31/1, 30-40.

  19. Abu Elatta, S.A., Hassan, S.F., El-Farrash, A.H., El-Feky, M.G., Refaat, M., 2014. Recent uranium mmobilization and radioactivity of metamorphosed sandstones at Sikait area, South Eastern sesert of Egypt. Journal of Geology and Mining Research, 6/2, 28-38.

  20. Saleh, G. M., Mostafa, D.A., Darwish, M. E., Salem, I. A. 2014. Gabal El Faliq Granitoid rocks of the Southeastern Desert, Egypt: Geochemical constraints, mineralization and Spectrometric Prospecting, Standard Global Journal of Geology and Explorational Research,1(1), 009 - 026.

  21. Rose, A.W., Wright, R.J., 1980. Geochemical exploration models for sedimentary

  22. uranium deposits. J. Geochem. Explor. 15, 51–62.

  23. Atabey, E., Tarhan, N., Yusufoğlu, H., Canpolat, M., 1988, Geology of between Hacıbektaş, Gülşehir and Kalaba (Nevşehir) -Himmetdede (Kayseri). General Directory Mining Research and Exploration (MTA) Raport Number: 8523 (no published), Ankara.

  24. Hansink, J.P., 1976. Equilibrium analysis of sandstone rollfront uranium deposits. Proceedings Inter. Symposium on exploration of uranium deposits.Int. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. pp. 683 - 693.

  25. Smirnov, V.I., Ginzburg, A.I., Grigoriev, V.M., Yakovlev, G.F., 1983. Studies of MineralDeposits. Mir, Moscow.

  26. Pichler T, Hendry M.J., 2001. The mineralogy of arsenic in uranium mine tailings at the Rabbit Lake in-pit facility, northern Saskatchewan, Canada. Environ Geol. 40: 495–506. International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConfenferences SGEM 2015 www.sgem.org Section Exploration and Mining

  27. Keegan, E., Wallenius, M., Mayer, K., Varga, Z., Rasmussen, G., 2012. Attribution of uranium ore concentrates using elemental and anionic data, Applied Geochemistry, 27, 1600– 1609.

  28. Yamamoto K., Yoshida, H., Akagawa, F., Nishimoto S., Metcalfe, R., 2013. Redox front penetration in the fractured Toki Granite, central Japan: An analogue for redox reactions and redox buffering in fractured crystall ine host rocks for repositories of long-lived radioactive waste. Applied Geochemistry, 35, 75– 87. FIGURE LISTS Figure 1. a Location map of the studied area. b. Geological map of study area (Modified from [1, 10]Atabey, 1989; Advokaat, 2011). Fig. 1 Table Lists Table 1.Major oxide composition of the whole rock samples in wt. %. Table 2. Trace element composition of the whole rock samples in ppm. Bold values are below the detection limits. All trace element concentrations were given in ppm except for Au* in ppb. Table 3.REE composition of the whole rock samples. REEs concentrations were given in ppm. %. Sample Code SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO CaO Na2O K2O TiO2 P2O5 MnO GDK-1 42.51 16.1 6.49 1.79 8.91 1.58 6.32 0.56 5.05 0.09 GDK-2 34.21 13.36 6.94 1.84 14.95 1.41 4.56 0.38 6.82 0.18 GDK-3 34.72 14.65 5.04 0.82 15.93 1.87 4.17 0.41 9.75 0.08 GDK-4 34.61 14.51 5.24 0.88 16.56 1.90 4.19 0.39 7.74 0.11 GDK-5 6.37 2.25 2.16 1.07 45.95 0.33 0.47 0.09 0.54 0.56 GDK-6 3.30 1.37 2.25 0.85 48.70 0.11 0.29 0.04 0.33 0.29 GDK-7 2.90 1.00 2.53 1.18 49.03 0.06 0.21 0.03 0.13 0.29 GDK-8 1.31 0.48 0.56 1.06 51.95 0.05 0.11 0.01 0.07 0.15 GDK-9 4.85 1.62 2.77 4.79 43.00 0.20 0.35 0.06 0.17 0.26 GDK-10 2.12 0.64 1.94 4.94 45.94 0.10 0.12 0.02 0.12 0.21 GDK-11 1.54 0.42 1.61 2.54 49.92 0.06 0.07 0.02 0.12 0.33 GDK-12 2.37 0.85 2.56 6.34 43.4 0.09 0.17 0.02 0.07 0.15 GDK-13 2.66 1.06 3.5 9.22 38.72 0.11 0.23 0.03 0.07 0.29 GDK-14 0.89 0.28 0.94 2.02 51.19 0.05 0.04 0.01 0.06 0.22 Table 1 International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConfenferences SGEM 2015 www.sgem.org 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2015 GDK (Sample code) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Silts samples Siliceous limestones Th 24.6 590.5 185.5 138.5 11.7 10.3 3.6 1.3 3.5 1.8 1.4 2.6 3.1 0.7 U 1237.2 1818.8 2536.9 2103.4 221.4 221.6 336.6 217.7 336.3 175 223.4 120.4 123.3 341 Ba 721 495 537 543 437 240 186 161 271 66 72 97 129 56 Co 17.8 12 13.4 12.1 8.1 17 18.1 33.4 18.9 1.1 16.8 0.9 3.7 13.1 Cs 17.9 25.3 30.6 32.7 2.2 1.9 1.1 0.5 1.7 0.5 0.6 1 1.2 0.3 Ga 27.8 18.4 21.2 19.7 2.5 1.3 0.9 0.5 2.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.1 0.5 Hf 3.6 3.2 3.4 3.3 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 Nb 16 9.9 10.2 9.8 2.2 0.8 0.8 0.4 1.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.2 Rb 151.2 132.6 148.7 136.7 18.2 10.7 8.9 4.4 14.8 5.6 3.7 7.9 9.5 2.7 Sr 1508 2157 2775 2148 1228 1213 2567 1237 1531 1817 1884 2642 1645 1558 V 89 98 76 82 23 38 14 8.0 20 8.0 8.0 8.0 12 8.0 W 5.2 3.6 2.9 3.1 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Zr 162.3 124.9 140.3 116.6 42.5 12.6 7.3 5.3 15.1 7.1 8.1 12.2 7.7 3.9 Y 35.5 185.9 123.4 75.3 10.9 10.3 6.9 1.3 5.4 2.2 3.7 3.1 3.4 2.1 Mo 16.5 3.5 2.6 2.1 0.4 1.3 2.2 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.5 2.1 0.8 Cu 56.3 36 41.9 39.1 6.8 11.3 7.9 1.8 7.9 2.5 1.9 3.5 5.4 1.3 Pb 73.6 78.3 68.7 61.7 25 21 47.5 10.2 142.2 6.3 14.1 8.6 22.3 8.3 Zn 113 114 117 106 31 43 34 18 104 14 38 17 37 11 Ni 63.2 16.8 19.1 15.2 2.1 5.4 4.1 11.3 15.2 0.1 3.8 1.1 2.2 4.9 As 128.1 583.1 266.8 281.9 25.1 392.5 24.1 49.6 65 17 52.2 35.4 74.3 15.3 Cd 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 Sb 2.7 7.1 3.6 3.3 0.5 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.6 1 0.5 Bi 1.3 0.9 1.1 1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ag 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Au* 0.8 0.9 2.1 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 Hg 0.76 1.9 0.29 0.73 0.07 0.26 0.15 0.11 0.93 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.1 0.17 Tl 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Se 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Sample code La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu GDK-1 47.5 80 8.52 29.1 5.31 0.96 4.76 0.81 5.02 1.09 4.08 0.84 7.18 1.23 GDK-2 56.6 122.1 16.78 72.9 18.29 4.05 20.62 3.89 27.19 5.99 18.38 2.84 16.99 2.29 GDK-3 64.6 126.3 15.47 57.2 13.52 3.1 15.08 2.67 18.03 4.15 14.63 2.52 18.24 2.97 GDK-4 50.8 95 10.33 38 8.08 1.78 8.51 1.56 10.31 2.51 8.39 1.53 11.72 1.86 GDK-5 11.3 20.7 2.22 8.6 1.76 0.36 1.71 0.27 1.65 0.35 1.05 0.16 1.1 0.17 GDK-6 8.6 15.3 1.86 7.4 1.62 0.32 1.76 0.26 1.64 0.31 1.0 0.17 1.13 0.15 GDK-7 13.9 23.3 2.52 10.2 1.51 0.42 1.9 0.27 1.58 0.27 0.87 0.11 0.65 0.1 GDK-8 2.2 3.3 0.37 1.5 0.2 0.03 0.32 0.04 0.24 0.02 0.1 0.02 0.11 0.03 GDK-9 8.2 14.8 1.57 5.3 0.84 0.21 0.93 0.11 0.75 0.14 0.4 0.07 0.38 0.06 GDK-10 4.5 7.1 0.78 3.6 0.58 0.11 0.54 0.08 0.35 0.06 0.2 0.03 0.16 0.03 GDK-11 4.7 6.7 0.65 2.4 0.32 0.1 0.66 0.1 0.72 0.09 0.3 0.05 0.3 0.05 GDK-12 5.2 10.3 1.02 3.8 0.65 0.09 0.58 0.08 0.45 0.07 0.24 0.03 0.3 0.04 GDK-13 6.4 11.4 1.12 3.9 0.76 0.15 0.72 0.1 0.56 0.11 0.41 0.05 0.34 0.05 GDK-14 3.4 5.7 0.57 2.3 0.24 0.07 0.41 0.05 0.26 0.05 0.21 0.03 0.16 0.01 Table 2 Table 3 International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConfenferences SGEM 2015 www.sgem.org

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