COMPOST PRODUCTION EXPERIENCE FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN ISTANBUL

, optimum water need is 45-55% by weight; minimum water regnired is 30%. The water content of the urban waste is 50-55% in case of digesting directly and composting by massing, and the water content is 35-40% in case of composting by transferring from grinder. With consideration to these general values; the water amount given to the partitions in Kısırmandıra are shown in Table 3. Table 3. The water amount given to the partitions in compost plant in winter and summer compost partition no. Winter Summer

45-50 m3 110-120 m3

40-45 m3 95-110 m3

0 10-35 m3 In the meantime air is given with pressurized air condition system in partition 1, 2, 3, in partition 4,5,6,7 the air of the organic waste are taken by absorbing the air in partition. In partition 8, no watered organic wastes returne d to compost after the end of 8th week. In the first unit the temperature increases to 65-70 0C after 3 days. In this way, 6th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2006 www.sgem.org Int er nat ional Confer ence SGEM 200 6 390 the pathogen micro organisms in the solid waste die and the fermentable seeds are destroyed. C/N ratio is an important parameter in composting. Because of this reason, straw, dried herbs, branches, and others wastes comes from parks and gardens are added in to all areas with an amount of 2-3 trucks to increase the C/N ratio (Figure 5). Figure 5. The interior appearance of one of th e compost partitions and compost genesis What is produced is transferred to the compost bands with compost transfer machine and than transferred to the last 15mm sieve and filtered. The amount of the raw compost produced from here is approximately 200 tons/day. After filtering the amount of fresh compost derived from here decreases 100 tons. To produce mature compost, fresh compost is stored in open air by figuration and use for parks and gardens and green areas of high ways and streets of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (Figure 6 and 7). SGEM 200 6 - Section II 391 Figure 6. In the right side, a compost mass produced from the plant Figure 7. Recycling materials seperation bands 6th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2006 www.sgem.org Int er nat ional Confer ence SGEM 200 6 392 Vacuum machines exhaust outputs, stowed wooden pieces and natural biofilters achieved by compost are used in order to remove bad smell caused by fermentation. The collected waste water leakage in a pool is sent to the waste water leakage pool in the regular storage area after transferred to special tanker by plumbings. Besides the waste water occured in the plant and household waste water sent to the river after filter process in the waste recyling unit. Analysis Results about compost in Kandıra Plant are dedicated in table 4 and 5. Table 4. Compost samples analysis results in Kısırmandıra Plant Parameter 28.05.2002 YTU

01.2005 TUBITAK- MAM

09.2005 TUBITAK- MAM b (mg/kg) 38,2 169,6 128,3 82,5 125,5 454 142 (mg/kg) 1,76 6,9 1,85 4,5 2,8 < 2 < 2 (mg/kg)

300,5 100,5 132,7 202,5 171 125 (mg/kg)

325,4 224,54 146,5 530,8 360 294 (mg/kg) 56,6 56,3 6,85 8,6 6,9 76,7 72 (mg/kg) 9,63 0,98 0,95 1,2 1,7 2,5 1,29 (mg/kg)

356,9 298,5 175,5 420,5 790 623 C/N 12,9 13,8 15,5 22 10,92 3,53 12,34 YTU: Yıldız Technical University TUBITAK-MAM: The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey-Marmara Reseach Center Table 5. Compost samples analysis results in Kısırmandıra Plant Parametre 28.05. 2002 YTU

01. 2005 TUBITA K-MAM

09. 2005 TUBITA K-MAM pH 8,3 7,5 - - - 6,45 8,05 TOC % 16,08 20,3 22,5 17,6 13,65 - - TKN % 1,3 1,47 1,45 0,8 1,25 - - Tuzluluk 64250 45450 - - - - - YTU: Yıldız Technical University TUBITAK -MAM: The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey - Marmara Reseach Center

THINGS DONE FOR PROCESS FOLLOW UP İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Çevre Koruma ve Atık Maddeleri Değerlendirme Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ú., abreviated as İSTAÇ is the operator of the facility and it is one of İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality Economic Enterprises. As can be understood from its full name, İSTAÇ is responsible for the transportation of solid wastes, compost SGEM 200 6 - Section II 393 fertilizer production, recycling, elimination through regular warehousing, electric power production at warehousing areas, and the transportation and elimination through burning of medical wastes, which can be briefly described as providing solid waste management systems, within the scope of İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality Solid Waste Project.There are various subdistrict municipalities within Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and these municipalities collect solid waste from houses and buildings and carry them to the 6 transfer stations scattered in Istanbul. The solid wastes which arrive at the transfer stations are taken into larger trucks with 32 m3 volume and from there, they are transmitted to sanitary landfills, where solid wastes will be eliminated. The silos filled at the transfer stations by the waste carrying trucks which are predicted to be holding densely organic solid waste are brought to Kısırmandıra compost facility by trucks.At Kısırmandıra compost facility, due care is taken to successfully operate the facility by using the following documents and forms. Quality Hand Book, Fermentation Follow Up Form, Daily Temperature and Ventilation Follow Up Form, Daily Solid Waste Data Form, Failure Report –Maintenance & Repair Form, Daily Preconditioning and Laying Activity Form, Product Report For m, Monthly Production Report Form, Monthly Compost Delivery Form, Daily Equipment Check Form, Periodical Maintenance Follow Up Form, Fermentation Area Analysis Report, Fermentation Degree Follow Up Form, Inter -Shifts Work Follow Up Form, 1st Active Work Form, 2nd Active Work Form, Daily Process Follow Up Form, Product Analysis Report.

EVALUATION AND CONCLUSION Random garbage are not sent to Kısırmandıra compost facility and the garbage which mostly holds organic solid waste according to the information given by the garbage collectors who carry the garbage to the transfer stations on the European side of İstanbul, and according to the observations of the staff employed in the station during the transfer are filled into separate trucks and delivered to Kısırmandıra Compost Facility. However, according to the obtained data, only 15% of the domestic solid waste brought to the facility can be composted. In European Union Regulations, concrete targets are determined for solid waste management, among them, the targets regarding the place, design, operation, follow up and maintenance of solid waste warehousing areas have also been determined. The existing garbage collection areas should be improved in order to meet the conditions during a transition period, until admission into European Union, or else they should be shut down. In other words, the solid wastes shall be deposited only in the sanitary landfills which meet the European Regulations. On the other hand, the quantity of biologically separable solid which is sent to the warehouse should be reduced as another condition. Based on solid waste production quantities in 1995, only 75% of the biologically separable solid wastes can be taken to sanitary landfills by 2010, and 50% of them can be taken by 2013 and 35% by 2020. The remaining biologically separable materials will either be composted or used in methane gas (CH4) production through biogasification method. So, the materials which can be separated and fermented biologically step by step, which are composte d under aerobic or anaerobic conditions to produce methane gas will not be sent to sanitary landfills, and they will be benefited from. In the overall world, the ratio of packaging wastes within entire solid wastes is increasing day by day, while the quant ity of those biologically separable is reducing. In 1970s, compost rate obtained from domestic wastes was around 30-35%, while this value changes according to countries, their 6th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2006 www.sgem.org Int er nat ional Confer ence SGEM 200 6 394 economic conditions and ready -made food consumption habits, while the ratio decr eased to 15% in İstanbul at present. The low quantity of compostable garbage which is delivered to Kısırmandıra compost facility in İstanbul, emphasizes the importance of the separation of the solid wastes into material groups at the source place that is the place where they first appeared. Meanwhile, the separate collection of packages and package wastes and their recycling is mandatory according to the European Union. Therefore, the separation of compostable wastes from non- compostable ones at the source place, which is the place they are first produced, shall also reduce transportation costs, compost cost, and consequently solid waste management costs. The broad and formal education to be applied, and the participation and efforts of non-governmental organizations are required in order to convince people to separately stock and give to garbage collectors the package wastes and biologically separable food wastes, grass, branches and similar items separately not only at their houses but also at everywhere solid waste is produced. The efforts and arrangements on these issues should continue in order to prevent and reduce environmental pollution, provide sustainability of the limited fossil based fuels on earth for a longer time, make use of compost’s benefits in agriculture, and produce electricity from methane. REFERENCES

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Borat, M., Kati Atik Yõnetimi (Solid Waste Management), östanbul Universitesi Muhendislik Fakultesi Cevre Muhendisli gi Bolumu, östanbul, 2005.

Arikan, O. A., Yilmaz S., Ozkan, D., Yon, S. and Ozturk, I. Istanbul Evsel Kati Atiklarinin Aerobik Kompostlasabilirligi, Kent Yõnetimi, Insan ve Cevre Sorunlari Sempozyumu 1999, 17-19 Şubat, Istanbul.

Demir, I, Basturk, A., Arikan, O. ve Altinbas, M. (1999). Istanbul’ da Kompost

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IGA-Rust -Mimko, (1996). Istanbul’da Kati Atik Isleme (Kompostlastirma ve Geri Kazanma) Tesisi Icin Planlama Rapo ru, Istanbul. 6th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2006 www.sgem.org SGEM 200 6 - Section II 395 REMOVAL OF COD WİTH DICHLOROMETHANE AND TETRACHLORİNEETHYLEN E IN THE UP-FLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDG E BED REACTORS (UASB) ¹Dr.Celalettin Ozdemir , ¹Şükrü Dursun , ²Nejdet Şen ¹ Selcuk University, Environmental Eng. Dept., Konya -Turkey ² Selcuk University, Chemistry Dept., Konya -Turkey