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THE ROLE OF THE OXIDATION TECHNIQUE IN SURFACE ENGINEERING OF BIOCARBON MATERIALS
Abstract
Biomass-produced biocarbon has low surface functionality and a reduced pore volume, these properties reduce the performance of the biocarbon and limit its applications. Among the various surface engineering strategies, oxidation leads to both an increase in pore volume and surface functionality, by introducing oxygen-containing chemical groups. This study presents a short review of the oxidation pathways in surface engineering of biocarbon materials, evaluates the controlling factors, such as key parameters, that affect the oxidation process, the intrinsic structure of the biomass and resulted biocarbon, and their impact on surface functionality during oxidation and the development of porous structure in biocarbon mass. Also, this study emphasizes that the oxidation process can be achieved by torrefaction and pyrolysis in an oxidizing atmosphere as well as by pretreatment processes or oxidative modification of the produced biocarbon materials. It was also found that surface engineering by oxidation is effective in increasing the anchoring sites, by promoting the doping of oxygenated functional groups (OFGs) on the surface. The oxidation technique is more effective in increasing the surface area of biochar that has a higher degree of aromaticity and when the temperature is higher. For biomass with high ash content the oxidation is not effective enough in increasing the porosity of biocarbon, because the minerals present in ash can block the pores. The properties of biocarbon materials are improved by oxidation technique, and the resulting materials can be used in different applications, such as environmental ones, through their use in pollution control, energy production, through their employment as catalysts in thermos-catalytic conversion processes of biomass, development of materials with special properties for energy storage, etc. However, the evolution of the surface functionality during oxidation is not sufficiently well revealed and therefore new studies are necessary to be developed.
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