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SOIL COMPACTION AS A TYPE OF SOIL DEGRADATION: ITS EFFECT, MEASUREMENT AND PREVENTION IN ARABLE LAND
Abstract
Soil compaction is a significant process of soil degradation worldwide which affects the productive function of the soil, but also its susceptibility to other degradation processes of the soil and landscape such as soil erosion and floods. There are primary and secondary reasons of soil susceptibility to compaction. Primary compaction is conditioned by the genetic properties of the soil. Secondary compaction is caused by human activities, directly ? due to wheel pressure of agricultural mechanisms, or indirectly ? by reducing soil resistance to compaction by poor management (insufficient organic fertilization, unsuitable fertilizer range, non-compliance with biologically balanced sowing procedures, farming methods and conditions, etc.). Soil compaction has a negative effect on the soil properties as well as growth and yield of cultivated crops. We conducted a small field experiment on medium fine Cambisols to study the effect of mechanization on soil penetration resistance in early spring 2017. The penetration resistance of the studied fields was measured with a hand penetrologger (Eijkelkamp Soil & Water, the Netherlands), which was plunged into the soil 3 times at locations at least 1 m apart. The hand penetrologger (60° angle cone with a base of 1 cm?) was pushed straight up to 50 cm of depth into the soil by applying equal pressure on both grips and with steady speed around recommended value of 2 cm.s-1 ± 40 %. We found that the penetration resistance rose from maximum 2.2 MPa at the site A and 1.6 MPa at the site B to 2.7 MPa and 2 MPa, respectively after single pass of tractor with universal mounted spreader. Although the penetration resistance of the studied soil was within the limit values for medium fine soils, this experiment clearly confirmed the effect of mechanization on an increase of soil compaction. It is necessary to use a comprehensive approach to prevent the occurrence of soil compaction using the preventive soil protection measures. These procedures include technical, organisational, operational and soil protective measures. Remediation is often more expensive and less efficient than prevention.
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