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IMPACTS OF THE ACID ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER PHENOMENA IN A SMALL MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyse impacts of the acid atmospheric deposition and global climate change on water resource recharge and water quality in headwater catchments of the Jizera Mountains (Czech Republic). Since 1982, a long-term hydrological investigation has been conducted in the experimental basin Jizerka (100 ha, elevation: 860-980 m, clear-cut of mature spruce stands and reforestation) and forest catchments of three water reservoirs Bed?ichov, Josef?v D?l and SouпїЅ. The пїЅopen fieldпїЅ load of sulphur culminated in 1987 пїЅ 1988 followed by a substantial drop in the 1990s, while a load of inorganic nitrogen did not show a significant trend. Thus, the ratio between the deposition of nitrogen and sulphur has increased from 0.37 to 2.83. In the investigated period, the mean annual stream water pH increased from 4.2 to 5.9, and concentrations of sulphate and nitrate decreased by 55 and 53 percent, respectively. A significant seasonal acidification was found by the snowmelt (March, April) and episodic acidification by summer rainstorms. The HBV model was employed to predict daily discharge in the period of 2071 - 2100 based on daily temperatures and precipitation predicted by the Prudence project (scenarios A2 and B2). In comparison with the recent situation, the minimum flow Q330 could decrease by 60 % in the spruce-fir-beech zone. A future progress in recovery of the water environment from acidification depends still on uncertainties related to a production of acidic atmospheric emissions, global climate change, and forestry strategies (affecting the deposition under the canopy). The concept of ecological discharge should consider both extremes: stream-flow minima and maxima, flood events might be critical phenomena for the stream biota (stressing the life by seasonal and episodic acidification).
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