Scholarly record
STEM DEFECTS IN LOW-DENSITY NORWAY SPRUCE PLANTATIONS IN HEMIBOREAL FORESTS
Abstract
Intensification of forest management is required due to contrasting trends of growing demand to use renewable materials and boost carbon sequestration, while simultaneously decreasing area of managed forest. Additionally, increasing frequency of natural disturbances creates difficulties to ensure production of high-quality saw-logs. One of the strategies to overcome (or at least minimize) the negative impacts is establishment of low-density plantations, intended for relatively short rotation (c.a. 50 years). Aim of our study was to assess stem defects in such plantations at the end of their rotation. A phenotypic assessment was carried out in plantations with initial density 2x8m to 5x7 m. Only the grafted clones with at least 10 alive ramets were included in the analysis. Site (stand) had a statistically significant impact on the proportion of trees with damages, ranging from <5 % to >15 %. Clone effect was statistically significant for presence of trees with stem defects (double stems, double tops and/or spike knots) as well as resin outflow and stem cracks. In the stand with more frequent damages (41 %) several clones with very high frequency of stem cracks were identified, indicating the need to consider this trait in selection, if industrial scale propagation of the clone is planned. Damages caused by biotic factors (bark browsing by cervids, bark-beetle impact) were not (or weakly) linked to particular clones. Low initial density per se does not lead to increased frequency of trees with stem defects; however, thorough testing of clones for such plantations is required to minimize the risk.
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