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ESTIMATION OF HYDROLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF LAKES USING REMOTE SENSING METHODS: A CASE-STUDY OF THE LAKES OF THE SHCHUCHINSK-BOROVSKAYA SYSTEM, KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract
The Shchuchinsko-Borovskaya system, consisting of seven large lakes, was studied. Lakes of tectonic origin are located at different absolute levels within the granite massif. The water in the lakes is fresh, less often brackish, and previously has been widely used for agricultural and drinking purposes. Based on monitoring data and analysis of a long-term series of satellite images over the past 30 years, a significant decrease in the level of the lakes and water resources has been revealed. This has affected the degradation of water and land ecosystems in the «Burabay» nature park and has led to the decision to ban the use of lake-water resources. Since 2018, lake levels have been rising, which is reflected in water resources and flooding of recreational facilities in the coastal zone. In these conditions, it is necessary to receiving prompt and up-to-date information on lakes and assess its vulnerability to climate change and water use. Due to the fact that state monitoring is conducted only on three lakes, traditional and up-to-date methods are used to define the level and temperature of the water, for calculating other important hydrological parameters (surface area, length of the coastline, volume) of the larger lakes. Among them are the method of comparative analysis of multi-time satellite images, methods for creating a digital model of the relief of lake catchments, instrumental field measurements and coastal survey and lake bathymetry. Bathymetric survey of all lakes was carried out within one month and using modern instruments. Drawing up a digital model of the coastal zone of lakes was carried out on the basis of images from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Determining the area of the lake mirror included pre-processing of satellite images and their decoding (spectral classifications, index calculation, automatic vectorization). To assess the trends of long-term changes in these morphometric indicators of lakes, Landsat images were decrypted from 1985 to 2018. Satellite images of the PlanetScope satellite with a spatial resolution of 3 meters were processed once a month during open water within the hydrological year to assess intra-annual changes in the surface area of lakes. The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) calculation was used to determine the boundaries of water bodies. The results of decryption are presented in the form of maps and calculations of morphometric indicators. Comparative analysis showed that the largest reduction in area occurred in 1989, 1991, 1999-2000, and 2004-2005, what is associated with reduced precipitation and high evaporation. In the years 2006-2016, the area and volume of lakes stabilized, and in the last three years, a slow rise in levels began. Thus, the use of remote sensing methods has shown their value not only in obtaining morphometric parameters of water bodies, but also in conducting operational and monitoring observations of closed reservoirs.
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