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GEOECOLOGICAL MAPPING AND SITUATIONAL MODELING OF DUST POLLUTION IN ECOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION, DUST EMISSIONS CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT
Abstract
Tasks involved in controlling and managing ambient air quality on urbanized territories require actual and authentic data on emission sources and their structure, as well as on how pollution is spatially distributed under various meteorological conditions, capacity of industrial objects taken into account. It is difficult to regulate dust pollution of ambient air due to its certain peculiarities. Dust components in emissions from various productions tend to have poly-disperse and multi-component structure. This statement has been confirmed by our own research works when we managed to establish high contents of fine-dispersed PM2.5 and PM10 fractions in emissions from enterprises operating in different industrial brunches. Thus, it was established that solid emissions from ferrous- and non-ferrous metallurgy contained 8-84 % PM 10 and 4-78 % ?? 2.5; emissions from civil engineering enterprises, 4-40 % ?? 10 and 5-20 % P?2.5; mining industry, 15-50 % ?? 10 and 2-25 % ?? 2.5. Approximately 40 chemicals, including highly hazardous ones, were identified in dust component in industrial emissions depending on applied production technologies. And we should note that in the Russian Federation fine-dispersed dusts are not accounted as a part of industrial emissions and are not subject to ecologic standardization (that is, no limits are imposed on their emission). But at the same time, when fraction and component structure of industrial emissions is taken into account, a geoecological picture of a territory changes considerably. Our research goal was to test techniques for geoecological mapping and situational modeling and optimize them for further use in ecological standardization and dust emissions management and control. We included more than 1,000 dust emission sources in mapping and situational modeling; all these sources were geocoded and bound to a vector map of a large industrial center. We applied software packages designed by ESRI, namely ArcView 3.2 and ArcGIS 9.3.1. Dispersion was calculated with software packages that involved using Gaussian models for atmospheric diffusion. We modeled situations with different meteorological conditions including those that were unfavorable for dispersion of emitted pollutants. Our research results allowed proving it was vital to take fine-dispersed dusts into account when assessing ecological situation; zoning the examined territory as per ambient air pollution; determining areas with the highest pollutants concentrations; determining wind speed and directions that resulted in the greatest threats for people living on the examined territory. Besides, we determined points within zones with the highest contaminations which were the most suitable for locating posts of instrumental control/monitoring over ambient air. We determined sources that created approximately 90% pollution and developed recommendations for enterprises regarding their environmental protection programs.
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