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ESTIMATING MERCURY FOOTPRINT IN THE REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Abstract
Modeling is used to predict the effects of chemicals at the a global or regional scale. Several models have been developed that describe the fate of chemicals in the environment, which are used to assess the mercury footprint of a country or even entire regions. For example, the following models are implemented in the form of software packages: CalTox, BETR, USEtox and others. However, imminent studies and models practically do not evaluate the spatial differentiation of the residence time of chemicals in the compartment of the environment, which is most significant for the hydrosphere, since there is a directional movement of chemicals with water masses. Several authors have shown that taking into account spatial differentiation makes it possible to increase the accuracy of calculations, and its absence often leads to a decrease in the reliability of the estimates obtained. This is due to the difference in orders of life-time, of the chemical, in different parts of the study area, which is typical for example when calculations are made for local systems, that are comparable in size to the areas of countries and/or regions. In this paper, we present an approach to allow for spatial differentiation in the calculation of chemical and indeed mercury and its compounds footprints, which consists of in the modification of the USEtox model with the simultaneous use of GIS. For the modification of the USEtox model we use the algorithm of calculation of mass transfer, coefficients of chemicals in the hydrosphere and atmosphere, with the use of geographic informational systems and software for the processing of large data bodies. The algorithm will provide large amounts of data on migration and transportation of chemicals, with water and airflows and their accumulation in various environmental compartments. The algorithm is based on the use of global databases containing the required data for the entire globe with a spatial grid of 0.5В°? 0.5В° resolution, in particular such data for rivers are collected in river basins database Simulated Transfer Networks (STN-30p). The topology of this river grid is derived from a digital landscape model and agreed with independent data on river routing. Flows and surface runoff data specific to the grid is obtained by matching the empirical data on flows with the flows calculated using the water balance model. The advantage of the method described in this paper is the relative simplicity and speed of the research (creating a model for the distribution of chemicals remotely from the research object). Another advantage is that we can consider the migration and accumulation of chemicals on a global scale, but, taking this into account, there are errors in the calculations, over the elimination of which we are working.
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