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Coal is an important energy resource in world. Coal mine exploitation with nonmechanized methods, need expert labors and with out them, mining process will be deranged so the labors and their safety is really important. In many industrial countries the accidents are the most important cause of person’s death. According to I.L.O (International Labor Organization) reports 120,000,000 accidents occur per year and 210,000 people die in these accidents. It means more than 500 people per day. In order to decreasing the ...

Blast pattern design has direct influence on the time consumption and construction cost of drilling and blasting of tunnels. Tunnel blasting is more complicated operation than open pit blasting because the only free surface that initial breakage can take place toward is the tunnel face. The most important operation in the tunnel blasting procedure is to create an opening in the face with the intention of develop another free surface in the rock. This is the function of the cut holes. The cuts can be classified in ...