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This paper assesses policy instruments supporting carbon-neutrality measures in Estonia, Portugal and Romania, aiming to identify lessons for Latvia and other European Union Member States. The study focuses on regulatory, financial and socio-economic instruments that enable climate action. Methods: The research is based on comparative document analysis of national energy and climate policy documents, recovery and resilience plans, European Commission assessments, sectoral strategies and institutional sources. The ...

In the context of globalisation and mounting socio-environmental challenges, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has emerged as a strategic mechanism for promoting sustainable development. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offer a universal framework requiring the active participation of both public institutions and private enterprises. This article examines the interrelationship between CSR and SDG implementation, focusing on how corporations embed socially responsible practices into th...