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In many practical cases a composite column can be made-up as completely encased section or a concrete- filled section. In case of the composite steel-concrete members, the mechanism by which shear stresses can be transferred over the interface between the structural steel component and the encased concrete are adhesion, interface interlocking and friction, which are referred to as the natural bond. If the natural bond is not enough to achieve the required shear resistance there is the possibility of using mechanic...

The proper selection of the structural steel grade has to take into account a lot of factors and, for structural steels, a minimum ductility is required so that the material shall have sufficient fracture toughness to avoid brittle fracture of the tension elements at the lowest service temperature. In this paper we present the methodology for selecting the toughness of structural steel with respect to EN 1993-1-10: 2003 and SR EN 1993-1-10: 2005. Establishing the steel sub-grade for the steel main girders of a rai...