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Microspheres, in other words aluminosilicate grains, are spherical particles of a small size classified as volatile ash fraction, so-called by-products of combustion, produced in the energy sector. In their construction, two phases can be distinguished - gas and solid. They are characterized, among others, by high mechanical strength, excellent thermal insulation properties and the ability to damp vibrations. It is estimated that the content of microspheres in fly ash is about 1-3%. There are two methods for recov...

Rotary kiln isa device used on a large scale in industry, including in thermal waste treatment. The article presents a review of methodologies for mathematical modeling of rotary kiln. It can be seen in the available bibliography that the most frequently modeled objectis a cement kiln. The modeling approach can be characterized as a division of the main model into submodels: gas and solid phase or the model of the reactor (residence time), the basic model (mass and energy balance) and the kinetics of the process. ...

Phosphorus, as one of the biogenic elements, is a compound conditioning the life of organisms, as well as plays an important role in the industry. The processes related to the recycling of phosphorus compounds and closing the loop of it, result primarily from the financial situation on world markets, the state of deposits of this element and the implementation of EU directives - Critical Raw Materials and Circular Economy. In the face of such conditions, the recovery of phosphorus from sewage sludge is an importan...