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This paper assesses policy instruments supporting carbon-neutrality measures in Estonia, Portugal and Romania, aiming to identify lessons for Latvia and other European Union Member States. The study focuses on regulatory, financial and socio-economic instruments that enable climate action. Methods: The research is based on comparative document analysis of national energy and climate policy documents, recovery and resilience plans, European Commission assessments, sectoral strategies and institutional sources. The ...

The transition toward a circular economy (CE) requires collaborative governance arrangements that mobilize public authority, private capital, and technological capacity beyond the reach of any single actor. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have long been used to finance and operate infrastructure, waste, and energy assets central to circular transitions, yet the intersection of CE and PPPs – Circular PPPs – remains conceptually dispersed and empirically thin. This study maps the emerging field of Circular PP...

In the context of globalisation and mounting socio-environmental challenges, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has emerged as a strategic mechanism for promoting sustainable development. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offer a universal framework requiring the active participation of both public institutions and private enterprises. This article examines the interrelationship between CSR and SDG implementation, focusing on how corporations embed socially responsible practices into th...