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The utilization of different waste materials in concrete as partial replacement of cement or filler is having importance today, mainly on account of the improvements in the long-term durability of cement composites combined with ecological benefits. Fly ash (FA), Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBS), Silica Fume (SF) or High Reactive Metakaolin (HRM) is materials, which confirm to these requirements. However, a number of case studies with other waste materials are described in the literature as well. Copper slag is...

Plant fibers from wood and agricultural crops like flax and hemp are renewable materials those have a potential for creati ng "green" products and replacing fossil hydrocarbon materials harmful for the environment. Industrial hemp (Cannabis Sativa) is an extraordinary non-toxic, non-narcotic plant and has been used for a wide variety of applications. Hemp contains cellulose fibers and a woody material called shives. In Europe, hemp shives and fibers are increasingly being used in a range of products like textiles,...